The deepest chemosynthesis-based community yet discovered from the hadal zone, 7326 m deep, in the Japan Trench
The deepest chemosynthesis-based community yet discovered from the hadal zone, 7326 m deep, in the Japan Trench
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DOI：
10.3354/meps190017
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Okutani, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fujikura, K;Kojima, S;Okutani, T
日本ROV“Kaiko”在日本海沟底部附近的深渊带（7326米深）发现了密集的底栖动物群落。该群落以双壳类新物种Maorithyas hadalis 为主。该群落似乎是通过化学合成（营养物质来自沉积物中还原的化合物）来维持的，原因包括： 鼹鼠鳃中含有高浓度的硫；鳃组织中存在大量细菌样颗粒；来自柔软身体部位和收集的沉积物的硫化物气味；深灰色至黑色表明沉积物的缺氧性质和高硫化物含量；发生在地质断层之上。日本各地其他以化学合成为基础的群落也采集到了胸腺类，包括日本海沟、相模湾和南海增生棱柱。迄今为止，已知最深的基于化学合成的群落发生在日本海沟的三陆悬崖，深 6437 米。该地点以水蛤Calyptogena Phaseoliformis 为主。在更深水域发现的以化学合成为基础的群落，以来自更深水域的獒蛤为主，这表明在整个深海海沟中存在着更广泛的基于化学合成的群落。此外，这里讨论的袋鼩科鱼类与其他袋鼩科类的不同之处在于，它们具有似乎存在于细胞内的圆形共生体，并且生活在沉积物表面之上。
A dense community of benthic animals was discovered by the Japanese ROV 'Kaiko' in the hadal zone near the bottom of the Japan Trench, 7326 m deep. The community was dominated by a new species of thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas hadalis. This community appears to be sustained by chemosynthesis (nutrients being derived from reduced compounds within the sediment) for reasons including: a high concentration of sulfur contained in the thyasirid gills; the existence of numerous bacteria-like particles in the gill tissues; a sulfide smell from soft body parts and from collected sediment; the anoxic nature and high sulfide content of the sediments suggested by the dark gray to black color; the occurrence above geologic faults. Thyasirids have also been collected from other chemosynthesis-based communities around Japan, including the Japan Trench, Sagami Bay and the Nankai accretionary prism. Until now, the deepest chemosynthesis-based community known occurred on the Sanriku Escarpment of the Japan Trench, 6437 m deep. This site was dominated by the vesicomyid clam Calyptogena phaseoliformis. The discovery of a chemosynthesis-based community dominated by thyasirid clams from even deeper waters suggests a wider variety of chemosynthesis-based communities exists throughout deep-sea trenches. Additionally, the thyasirid species discussed here differs from other thyasirids by having circular symbionts which appear to exist intracellularly, and by living exposed above the sediment surface.