Deliberate practice predicts performance over time in adolescent chess players and drop-outs: A linear mixed models analysis
Deliberate practice predicts performance over time in adolescent chess players and drop-outs: A linear mixed models analysis
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DOI：
10.1348/000712608x295631
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发表时间：
2008-11-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Schmidt, Henk G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Bruin, Anique B. H.;Smits, Niels;Schmidt, Henk G.
本研究采用线性混合模型分析方法，考察了刻意练习与国际象棋成绩之间的纵向关系。对参加或退出荷兰国家象棋集训的青少年优秀棋手认真下棋以来的练习活动和成绩评定情况进行了分析。结果表明，刻意练习(即认真学习国际象棋和认真下棋)对国际象棋成绩有很大贡献。刻意练习的影响不仅在目前的表现中可以观察到，而且对棋手的职业生涯也有影响。此外，尽管辍学生的国际象棋评分随着时间的推移发展得更慢，但坚持和辍学的棋手都从刻意练习中获得了相同程度的投资。最后，性别对象棋成绩的影响被证明比刻意练习的影响要小得多。本研究对刻意练习的单调收益假设提供了纵向支持，表明在棋手的职业生涯中，刻意练习对成绩有显著影响，对不同终极成绩水平的棋手也有相同程度的影响。这项研究的结果与针对刻意练习理论的批评是不一致的，刻意练习和天赋的因素可能会被混淆。
In this study, the longitudinal relation between deliberate practice and performance in chess was examined using a linear mixed models analysis. The practice activities and performance ratings of young elite chess players, who were either in, or had dropped out of the Dutch national chess training, were analysed since they had started playing chess seriously. The results revealed that deliberate practice (i.e. serious chess study alone and serious chess play) strongly contributed to chess performance. The influence of deliberate practice was not only observable in current performance, but also over chess players' careers. Moreover, although the drop-outs' chess ratings developed more slowly over time, both the persistent and drop-out chess players benefited to the same extent from investments in deliberate practice. Finally, the effect of gender on chess performance proved to be much smaller than the effect of deliberate practice. This study provides longitudinal support for the monotonic benefits assumption of deliberate practice, by showing that over chess players' careers, deliberate practice has a significant effect on performance, and to the same extent for chess players of different ultimate performance levels. The results of this study are not in line with critique raised against the deliberate practice theory that the factors deliberate practice and talent could be confounded.