NOAA's use of remote sensing technology and the coastal mapping program
NOAA's use of remote sensing technology and the coastal mapping program
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NOAA 利用遥感技术和海岸测绘计划
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
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通讯作者：
Aleah Worthem
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作者：
Brian Madore;G. Imahori;Jamie Kum;S. White;Aleah Worthem
在获取水深测量和捕捉水面以下特征方面的进步，极大地提高了我们对河流、湖泊和海洋下面的知识。测量技术利用多波束、侧扫声纳、激光扫描仪、卫星衍生测深（SDB）和地形测深（topobathy）激光雷达等方法。在这些方法中，测深激光雷达正在成为测量近岸测深（通常为0-4米）的新兴传感器。美国国家海洋和大气管理局的国家大地测量局（NGS）使用传统和新兴技术收集各种遥感数据。NGS产品包括：地形激光雷达数据集、航空照片（最低点和斜向）、国家海岸线和持续更新的海岸线产品（CUSP）。topobath激光雷达是在一架小型飞机上按照预定的飞行计划和分期在低空飞行。测深激光雷达传感器提供了一种高效、灵活、经济且总体上更安全的方法来获取沿海测深数据，而多波束可以在4米深度曲线之外更有效地利用。NGS公司使用Riegl VQ-880-G地形深度机载激光扫描传感器，测量海岸海岸线，并监测近岸测深的空间和时间性质。还收集了Nadir图像，正校正以供观看，并支持地形水浴高程模型的构建。NGS通过Trimble数字传感器系统获取航空摄影测量数据，以独立验证海岸线变化，并协助地形图激光雷达数据收集。这些高分辨率数码相机还用于紧急响应，收集事件前后（倾斜和最低点）图像，以协助受重大事件影响的海岸线的响应和恢复工作（例如飓风：哈维、桑迪、卡特里娜；乔普林和塔斯卡卢萨的龙卷风；美国中西部的洪水和人为灾害，如深水地平线等）。沿海倾斜图像对应急反应特别重要，因为它以35-40度的角度收集，提供更广泛地区的视图；提高垂直结构的可见度，例如建筑物的侧面，而不是传统图像中通常看到的建筑物顶部。NOAA获取并迅速传播这些图像，以支持国土安全和应急响应要求。此外，一些商业来源已经将航空图像整合到基于互联网的地图服务器中，以提供基于街道地址、城市名称和兴趣点的搜索功能。有时，NGS还必须利用卫星图像监测海岸线变化并生成衍生产品（例如CUSP和卫星衍生水深测量）。这些产品对于阿拉斯加等偏远地区或小地理区域尤其重要，在这些地区，飞机物流和竞争优先级使得最大限度地利用NOAA平台具有挑战性。卫星图像提供了大面积的快速分析，但受到图像分辨率、天气条件和水柱质量的限制。在本文中，我们将描述遥感在NGS中的历史前景，今天使用的不同遥感技术和产品，以及未来在NGS中使用的光学技术的前景。
Advancements in acquiring bathymetry and capturing features below the water's surface have significantly improved our knowledge of what lies beneath rivers, lakes, and oceans. Surveying techniques utilize methods such as multibeam, side scan sonar, laser scanners, satellite derived bathymetry (SDB), and topographic-bathymetric (topobathy) lidar. Of these methods, bathymetric lidar is becoming the emergent sensor of choice to survey nearshore bathymetry (0–4 meters typically).NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) collects a variety of remote sensing data using both traditional and emerging technologies. NGS products include: topobathy lidar datasets, aerial photographs (nadir and oblique), the National shoreline, and Continuously Updated Shoreline Products (CUSP).Topobathy lidar is flown on a small aircraft at low altitude following predetermined flight plans and staging. Bathymetric lidar sensors provide an efficient, flexible, cost effective and overall safer method to acquire coastal bathymetry whereas multibeam can be utilized more effectively beyond the 4 meter depth curve. NGS operates the Riegl VQ-880-G topobathy airborne laser scanning sensor and surveys coastal shorelines, as well as monitors the spatial and temporal nature of nearshore bathymetry. Nadir imagery is also collected, orthorectified for viewing, and supports the construction of topobathy elevation models.NGS acquires aerial photogrammetry via a Trimble Digital Sensor Systems to independently verify shoreline changes and to aid topobathy lidar data collection. These high-resolution digital cameras are also used for emergency response to collect pre- and post-event (oblique and nadir) imagery which assist in response and recovery efforts along coastlines impacted by major events (e.g. Hurricanes: Harvey, Sandy, Katrina; Tornadoes in Joplin and Tuscaloosa; Midwest U.S. flooding and human-induced disasters like Deepwater Horizon, etc.). Coastal oblique imagery is especially important for emergency response because it is collected at a 35–40 degree angle to provide a view of a wider area; improving the visibility of vertical structures, such as the sides of buildings, as opposed to only the tops of buildings as typically seen in traditional imagery. NOAA acquires and rapidly disseminates these images to support homeland security and emergency response requirements. Additionally, several commercial sources have incorporated the aerial imagery into internet based map servers to provide search capabilities based on street addresses, city names and points of interest.At times, NGS must also utilize satellite imagery to monitor shoreline changes and generate derived products (e.g. CUSP and satellite derived bathymetry). These products are especially important for remote regions such as Alaska or small geographic areas where aircraft logistics and competing priorities make it challenging to maximize the utilization of NOAA's platforms. Satellite imagery provides a rapid analysis over a large area but is limited by imagery resolution, weather conditions, and water column quality.In this paper, we will describe the historical perspective of remote sensing in NGS, the different remote sensing technologies and products used today, and the outlook for optical technologies being explored for use at NGS in the future.