Preferred Creditor Status under International Law: The Case of the International Monetary Fund
Preferred Creditor Status under International Law: The Case of the International Monetary Fund
复制标题
国际法下的优先债权人地位：国际货币基金组织案例
DOI：
10.1093/iclqaj/39.4.801
复制
发表时间：
1990
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
R. Martha
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Martha
许多主权国家面临着众多的共同债权人，但外汇有限，被迫决定先偿还谁和多少。没有得到偿付的债权人，而其他债权人则得到债务国的偿付，他们感到受到歧视，希望得到平等待遇。有些债权人甚至可能超越这一点，要求优惠待遇。例如，国际货币基金组织（“基金组织”）就是这种情况。由此产生的问题是，国际法在确定解决外债的优先事项方面是否提供任何指导。本文的目的是审查主权国家的某些债权人，特别是货币基金组织，在外债结算中要求优惠待遇的可能性。为此，将讨论以下问题：一般国际法是否给予某些放款人或其他债权人优先债权人的地位;如何根据（特定）国际法取得优先债权人的地位;其他债权人在某些债权人的优惠待遇方面的法律的地位。在讨论了货币基金组织关于优先债权人地位的主张之后，将阐明“优先债权人”一词的含义。然后，将讨论一般国际法是否给予优先债权人地位的问题。随后，讨论了如何获得这种地位的问题，并将就基金组织《协定条款》第五条第2（a）和第4节提出一些意见。最后，将讨论其他债权人的立场。文章最后总结了主要结论。
MANY sovereign nations facing a multitude of concurrent creditors but having limited foreign exchange are forced to decide whom and how much to pay first. The creditors who are not paid, while others receive payments by the indebted nations, feel discriminated and would like to be treated on the basis of equality. Some creditors may even go beyond that and claim preferential treatment. For instance, this is the case with the International Monetary Fund ("the Fund"). The question that results is whether international law offers any guidance in the matter of setting priorities in the settlement of external debts. The purpose of this article is to examine the possibilities for certain creditors of sovereign nations, specifically the Fund, to claim preferential treatment in external debt settlements. In order to do that, the following questions will be addressed: (i) whether general international law affords the status of preferred creditor to certain lenders or other creditors; (ii) how a status of preferred creditor can be acquired under (particular) international law; and (iii) the legal position of other creditors with respect to the preferential treatment of certain creditors. After discussing the Fund's claim of a preferred creditor status, the meaning of the term "preferred creditor" will be spelled out. Then, the question whether general international law affords the status of preferred creditor will be addressed. Subsequently, the question as to how such status can be acquired is discussed and some remarks will be made in relation to Article V, sections 2(a) and 4 of the Fund's Articles of Agreement. Finally, the position of other creditors will be discussed. A summary of the main conclusions will conclude the article.