Associations between Schistosomiasis and the Use of Human Waste as an Agricultural Fertilizer in China
Associations between Schistosomiasis and the Use of Human Waste as an Agricultural Fertilizer in China
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0003444
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Spear, Robert C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carlton, Elizabeth J.;Liu, Yang;Spear, Robert C.
人类排泄物在中国和其他地方被用作农业肥料。由于许多蠕虫物种的卵可以生存在环境介质中，再利用未经处理或部分处理的人类废物，通常被称为粪便，可能会促进人类helminthiases.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe的传输进行了一项开放队列研究，在36个村庄，以评估粪便使用和血吸虫病在中国的血吸虫病已经重新出现，并坚持尽管控制活动的地区之间的关联。我们在2007年和2010年分别对2,005名和1,365名居民进行了日本血吸虫感染检测，并在每个研究年度对户主进行了农业实践方面的访谈。我们使用了一个干预归因比率框架来估计粪便使用和S。日本血吸虫感染据报告，有一半的家庭使用粪便（2007年为56%，2010年为46%）。村庄粪便使用与人类S。2007年日本血吸虫感染。我们估计停止使用粪便将导致2007年感染率降低49%（95%CI：12%，71%）。然而，2010年未观察到粪便与血吸虫病之间的关联。这些不一致的发现可能是由于不可测量的混杂或不同来源的S的重要性的时间变化。结论/显著性使用未经处理或部分处理的人类排泄物作为农业肥料可能是永久减少人类蠕虫病的障碍。这种做法值得公共卫生界进一步关注。
BackgroundHuman waste is used as an agricultural fertilizer in China and elsewhere. Because the eggs of many helminth species can survive in environmental media, reuse of untreated or partially treated human waste, commonly called night soil, may promote transmission of human helminthiases.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted an open cohort study in 36 villages to evaluate the association between night soil use and schistosomiasis in a region of China where schistosomiasis has reemerged and persisted despite control activities. We tested 2,005 residents for Schistosoma japonicum infection in 2007 and 1,365 residents in 2010 and interviewed heads of household about agricultural practices each study year. We used an intervention attributable ratio framework to estimate the association between night soil use and S. japonicum infection. Night soil use was reported by half of households (56% in 2007 and 46% in 2010). Village night soil use was strongly associated with human S. japonicum infection in 2007. We estimate cessation of night soil use would lead to a 49% reduction in infection prevalence in 2007 (95% CI: 12%, 71%). However, no association between night soil and schistosomiasis was observed in 2010. These inconsistent findings may be due to unmeasured confounding or temporal shifts in the importance of different sources of S. japonicum eggs on the margins of disease elimination.Conclusions/SignificanceThe use of untreated or partially treated human waste as an agricultural fertilizer may be a barrier to permanent reductions in human helminthiases. This practice warrants further attention by the public health community.