The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India
The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India
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龙与象：中国和印度的农业农村改革
DOI：
10.1093/erae/jbp033
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
A. Rae
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Rae
1978年，中国（巨龙）的人均收入低于印度（大象），而印度的人均收入低于撒哈拉以南非洲。经过四分之一个世纪的经济改革，中国和印度都超过了撒哈拉以南非洲，中国的人均收入几乎是印度的两倍。中国和印度实现了前所未有的繁荣，现在是世界上增长最快的经济体之首。虽然这些国家是全球经济的主要参与者，但它们也是世界贫困人口的主要来源。中国的经济转型始于体制结构的变革，通过家庭联产承包责任制和开放农业市场鼓励土地使用的变化。印度的改革方法则完全不同。它强调工业和贸易政策的结构调整，以及消除变革的官僚障碍。因此，两国的农业迅速增长，农村贫困减少。然而，中国的农业收入增长率较高，印度的贫困率下降速度则慢得多。本书的主要目的是探讨两国在改革经验、改革的先后顺序及其对农业增长和农村贫困的影响方面可以从对方那里学到什么。这些知识可以促进印度和中国继续进行的改革进程，这些经验也可以适用于其他转型期发展中国家。这本书是国际粮食政策研究所（IFPRI）与中国和印度的主要机构、政策制定者和学者合作举办的两次国际会议的成果。对十个主题进行了比较分析：土地改革、人类和社会发展、公共投资、农业研发、灌溉和水、国内农业营销、农业贸易自由化、农业和农村多样化、农村非农部门和扶贫方案。这项研究的结论强调，
In 1978 China’s (the dragon’s) per capita income1 was below that of India’s (the elephant’s) and the latter’s was below that of Sub-Saharan Africa. After a quarter century of economic reforms, both China and India have surpassed Sub-Saharan Africa and China’s per capita income is almost double that of India. China and India have achieved unprecedented levels of prosperity and now top the list of the world’s fastest growing economies. While these countries are major players in the global economy, they also account for the bulk of the world’s poverty. China’s economic transformation began with changes to institutional structures by encouraging land use change through the household responsibility system and freeing agricultural markets. India’s approach to reform was quite different. It emphasised structural adjustment in industrial and trade policies, and the removal of bureaucratic barriers to change. As a result, agriculture grew rapidly in both countries and rural poverty decreased. However, the growth of agricultural income has been higher in China and the rate of poverty decline much slower in India. But inequality has also increased significantly in both countries, especially in China.The main objective of this book is to discover what each country can learn from the other regarding their reform experiences, the sequencing of those reforms, and their impacts on agricultural growth and rural poverty. This knowledge can then contribute to the continuing reform process in India and China, and these lessons may also be applicable to other developing countries in transition. The book is the outcome of two international conferences organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with leading Chinese and Indian institutions, policy-makers, and scholars. Comparative analyses across ten themes were conducted: land reforms, human and social development, public investment, agricultural R&D, irrigation and water, domestic agricultural marketing, agricultural trade liberalisation, agricultural and rural diversification, the rural non-farm sector, and anti-poverty programmes. Conclusions of this study emphasise
日本工业部门的能源利用效率和生产率
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kenta Tanaka;Shunsuke Managi
通讯作者：
Shunsuke Managi