Distribution of protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation systems across all domains of life.
Distribution of protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation systems across all domains of life.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.05.003
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发表时间：
2014-11
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Ahel, Ivan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perina, Dragutin;Mikoc, Andreja;Ahel, Josip;Cetkovic, Helena T.;Zaja, Roko;Ahel, Ivan
PARP 存在于所有六个主要真核生物超群的代表中。可逆的 PAR 代谢在真核进化早期就已建立。所有真核生物的最后一个共同祖先拥有五种类型的 PARP 蛋白。 PARP 与多种不同的途径相关。聚（ADP-核糖基）化是参与许多细胞途径调节的蛋白质的翻译后修饰。聚（ADP-核糖）（PAR）由重复的 ADP-核糖核苷酸单元链组成，由称为聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶（PARP）的酶家族合成。这种修饰可以通过聚 (ADP-核糖) 糖水解酶 (PARG) 和 ADP-核糖基水解酶 3 (ARH3) 的水解作用去除。大结构域蛋白（MacroD1、MacroD2 和 TARG1）的水解活性负责去除末端 ADP-核糖单位并完全逆转蛋白质 ADP-核糖基化。聚（ADP-核糖基）化在真核生物中广泛使用，并且 PARP 存在于所有六个主要真核超群的代表中，只有少数真核物种不具有 PARP 基因。所有真核生物的最后共同祖先拥有至少五种类型的 PARP 蛋白，其中包括单（ADP-核糖基）转移酶和多（ADP-核糖基）转移酶。 PARG 的分布严格遵循真核物种中 PARP 蛋白的分布。至少一种水解末端 ADP-核糖的大结构域蛋白也始终存在。因此，我们可以推测所有真核生物的最后一个共同祖先拥有功能齐全且可逆的PAR代谢，并且PAR信号传导为祖先真核生物在其古老环境中的生存提供了必要的条件。 PARP 蛋白在细菌中并不常见，可能是通过水平基因转移获得的。尽管尚不清楚 PAR 代谢在细菌中是否真正发挥作用，但只有 11 种细菌拥有功能性 PAR 代谢所必需的所有蛋白质。一些 dsDNA 病毒也拥有 PARP 同源物，但在任何古细菌基因组中都没有发现 PARP 蛋白。我们对 PAR 代谢中涉及的酶的分布的分析提供了对这些重要信号系统进化的深入了解，并为选择适当的遗传模型生物体以研究特定人类 PARP 蛋白的生理学提供了基础。
PARPs are present in representatives from all six major eukaryotic supergroups. Reversible PAR metabolism was established early in eukaryotic evolution. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possessed five types of PARP proteins. PARPs are associated to a large variety of different pathways. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins involved in regulation of many cellular pathways. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) consists of chains of repeating ADP-ribose nucleotide units and is synthesized by the family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). This modification can be removed by the hydrolytic action of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3 (ARH3). Hydrolytic activity of macrodomain proteins (MacroD1, MacroD2 and TARG1) is responsible for the removal of terminal ADP-ribose unit and for complete reversion of protein ADP-ribosylation. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is widely utilized in eukaryotes and PARPs are present in representatives from all six major eukaryotic supergroups, with only a small number of eukaryotic species that do not possess PARP genes. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possessed at least five types of PARP proteins that include both mono and poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferases. Distribution of PARGs strictly follows the distribution of PARP proteins in eukaryotic species. At least one of the macrodomain proteins that hydrolyse terminal ADP-ribose is also always present. Therefore, we can presume that the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possessed a fully functional and reversible PAR metabolism and that PAR signalling provided the conditions essential for survival of the ancestral eukaryote in its ancient environment. PARP proteins are far less prevalent in bacteria and were probably gained through horizontal gene transfer. Only eleven bacterial species possess all proteins essential for a functional PAR metabolism, although it is not known whether PAR metabolism is truly functional in bacteria. Several dsDNA viruses also possess PARP homologues, while no PARP proteins have been identified in any archaeal genome. Our analysis of the distribution of enzymes involved in PAR metabolism provides insight into the evolution of these important signalling systems, as well as providing the basis for selection of the appropriate genetic model organisms to study the physiology of the specific human PARP proteins.
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