Carbon emission responsive building control: A case study with an all-electric residential community in a cold climate
Carbon emission responsive building control: A case study with an all-electric residential community in a cold climate
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DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118910
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发表时间：
2022-05
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Jing Wang;Prateek Munankarmi;J. Maguire;Chengnan Shi;W. Zuo;D. Roberts;Xin Jin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jing Wang;Prateek Munankarmi;J. Maguire;Chengnan Shi;W. Zuo;D. Roberts;Xin Jin
在美国，建筑物占能源相关二氧化碳排放总量的35%，是脱碳的重要贡献者。电网中的碳强度是随时间变化的，并且可以在数小时内显著波动，因此根据碳强度改变建筑负荷可以减少建筑物的运营碳排放。本文提出了一种基于规则的碳响应控制框架，控制恒温控制负荷响应电网的碳排放信号在真实的时间的设定点。在此基础上，提出了四种不同碳核算方法和控制规则组合的控制器。为了评估其性能，我们使用位于美国科罗拉多玄武岩的27户全电零能耗住宅社区模型进行了模拟研究。采用Cambium数据集未来四年的碳强度数据来解释电网中不断变化的资源组合。各种性能指标，包括能源消耗，碳排放，能源成本，和热不适，被用来评估控制器的性能。敏感性分析，以确定如何控制阈值和间隔影响控制器的性能。仿真结果表明，碳响应控制器可以减少6.0%到20.5%的家庭的年碳排放量。然而，能源消耗增加了0.9%至6.7%，除了在一个场景中，它下降了2.2%。与基线相比，能源成本的变化在-2.9%至3.4%之间，热不适也保持在可接受的范围内。对能源成本和热不适的影响很小，表明在公用事业项目中推出控制器时，客户接受度没有潜在的障碍。
In the United States, buildings account for 35% of total energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, making them important contributors to decarbonization. Carbon intensities in the power grid are time-varying and can fluctuate significantly within hours, so shifting building loads in response to the carbon intensities can reduce a building’s operational carbon emissions. This paper presents a rule-based carbon responsive control framework that controls the setpoints of thermostatically controlled loads responding to the grid’s carbon emission signals in real time. Based on this framework, four controllers are proposed with different combinations of carbon accounting methods and control rules. To evaluate their performance, we performed simulation studies using models of a 27-home, all-electric, net zero energy residential community located in Basalt, Colorado, United States. The carbon intensity data of four future years from the Cambium data set are adopted to account for the evolving resource mix in the power grid. Various performance metrics, including energy consumption, carbon emission, energy cost, and thermal discomfort, were used to evaluate the performance of the controllers. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine how the control thresholds and intervals affect the controllers’ performance. Simulation results indicate that the carbon responsive controllers can reduce the homes’ annual carbon emissions by 6.0% to 20.5%. However, the energy consumption increased by 0.9% to 6.7%, except in one scenario where it decreased by 2.2%. Compared to the baseline, the change in energy cost was between −2.9% and 3.4%, and thermal discomfort was also maintained within an acceptable range. The little impact on energy cost and thermal discomfort indicates there are no potential roadblocks for customer acceptance when rolling out the controllers in utility programs.