The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis.

The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41590-020-00816-x
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发表时间:
2021-01
期刊:
影响因子:
30.5
通讯作者:
Goronzy JJ
Goronzy JJ
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Weyand CM;Goronzy JJ

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类风湿性关节炎 (RA) 的免疫发病机制跨越数十年,始于针对翻译后修饰蛋白的自身抗体的产生(检查点 1)。经过多年的无症状自身免疫和渐进性免疫系统重塑,组织耐受性减弱,随着组织侵袭性 T 效应细胞的出现和保护性关节驻留巨噬细胞的失败,关节炎症必然发生(检查点 2)。滑膜基质细胞转变为自身攻击性效应细胞,将急性滑膜炎转变为慢性破坏性滑膜炎,这通常是不可逆转的(检查点 3)。现在人们对免疫耐受破坏的机制有了更好的了解。 T 细胞耐受性的丧失与 DNA 修复机制中的细胞内在缺陷有关,导致细胞周期动力学异常、端粒脆弱和线粒体 DNA 不稳定。线粒体和溶酶体异常最终导致 T 细胞分化缺陷,有利于分化为具有高增殖活性和组织侵袭潜力的短寿命效应 T 细胞。这种分化缺陷建立在代谢平台上,该平台将葡萄糖从能量产生转移到细胞构建和运动程序。 RA 的下一个前沿领域将利用长时间的无症状自身免疫来尝试通过将 T 细胞重新编程回耐受状态来开发治疗性干预措施。
The immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) spans multiple decades and begins with production of autoantibodies against posttranslationally modified proteins (Checkpoint 1). After years of asymptomatic autoimmunity and progressive immune system remodeling, tissue tolerance erodes, and joint inflammation ensures as tissue-invasive T effector cells emerge, and protective joint-resident macrophages fail (Checkpoint 2). The transition of synovial stromal cells into auto-aggressive effector cells converts acute synovitis into chronic-destructive synovitis, which is often irreversible (Checkpoint 3). Mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown are now much better understood. The loss of T cell tolerance is linked to cell-intrinsic defects in the DNA repair machinery, resulting in abnormal cell cycle dynamics, telomere fragility and instability of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial and lysosomal anomalies culminate in a T cell differentiation defect favoring differentiation into short-lived effector T cells with high proliferative activity and tissue invasive potential. This differentiation defect builds on a metabolic platform that shunts glucose away from energy generation towards the cell building and motility program. The next frontier in RA will utilize the prolonged period of asymptomatic autoimmunity to attempt the development of curative interventions by reprogramming T cells back to a tolerant state.
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