LEXICOGRAPHY AND GENERATIVE GRAMMAR I: HEDGES AND MEANING CRITERIA *
LEXICOGRAPHY AND GENERATIVE GRAMMAR I: HEDGES AND MEANING CRITERIA *
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词典编纂和生成语法 I：模糊限制语和意义标准 *
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb49487.x
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发表时间：
1973
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
G. Lakoff
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Lakoff
词典编纂是一门艺术-近年来，语言学发现了大量关于单词的新事实，但这并不一定意味着这些事实可以甚至应该被收录在任何词典中，不管它的删节程度如何。事实上，一个好的词典编纂者最不愿意做的事情就是把技术性的语言学发现收入词典。另一方面，技术语言学的发现，如果被用作词典编纂工艺的一个非常顺从的侍女，可以想象会导致更好的词典。我想做的是报告一些语言学的发现，知道它们不能也不应该直接应用于词典的编纂，但仍然希望一些词典编纂者能找到一种方法来实际使用它们。正如任何词典编纂者所知，自然语言。概念是模糊的，界限不明确。Zadeh建议，fuzzy应该是可以用他所谓的模糊集合论来正式解释的。在一个模糊集合中，一个个体不是简单的成员或非成员，而是在某种程度上是成员，例如，0和1之间的任何真实的数。以身高这个模糊的概念为例。一个身高6英尺5英寸的人显然很高，而一个身高5英尺0英寸的人显然不高。但身高5英尺7英寸、5英尺9英寸、5英尺1英寸的人呢？扎德认为，这些人表现出中等程度的身高。显然，当一个人的身高变大时，他的身高也会变大，直到达到某个临界值。Zadeh建议，像tall这样的概念应该用图形来表示，就像图1一样。有趣的是，有些词会改变未来。例如，考虑一下“sort of”这个表达。如果用图形表示，则概念“有点高”看起来大致如图2所示。显然，如果某人身高6英尺5英寸，他并不算高，他只是普通的高。但如果你是，比如说，5 '9”，那么你有点高。本质上，表达式“sort of”提高了“tall”的中间值，降低了“tall”的高值。有人可能会认为身高是一个相当特殊的情况。毕竟，身高可以被描述为身高加上各种背景因素的连续函数。但更多的“离散”概念呢？以鸟的概念为例。海德在一项心理学实验中指出，人们并不认为鸟类行为是一件“是”或“否”的事情。相反，鸟类似乎有等级之分。在她的研究中，出现了（1）中给出的那种等级制度。
Lexicography is an art-and one where practical considerations outweigh scientific considerations. Linguistics has discovered a great many new facts about words in recent years, but this does not necessarily mean that such facts can or even should be included in any dictionary no matter what its degree of abridgement. In fact, including technical linguistic discoveries in a dictionary may be the last thing a good lexicographer would want to do. On the other hand, technical linguistic discoveries, if used as a very subservient handmaiden to lexicographic craft, could conceivably lead to better dictionaries. What I would like to do is report on some linguistic discoveries, knowing that they cannot and should not be directly applied to the making of dictionaries, but nonetheless hoping that some lexicographers will find a way to make practical use of them. As any lexicographer knows, natural language. concepts are fuzzy; the boundaries are not clear-cut. Zadeh has suggested that fuzziness should be handleable formally in terms of what he calls fuzzy set theory.’ In a fuzzy set, an individual is not simply a member or a non-member, but may be a member to some degree, for example, any real number between 0 and 1. Take the fuzzy concept of tallness. Someone who is 6’5” is clearly tall, and someone who is 5’0” is clearly not tall. But what about someone who is 5’7”, 5’9”, 5‘1 l”? Zadeh suggests that such individuals exhibit intermediate degrees of tallness. Obviously, as one’s height becomes greater, so one’s degree of tallness becomes greater-until a certain threshold is reached. Zadeh has suggested that concepts such as tall are to be represented graphically, pretty much as in FIGURE 1. Interestingly enough, there are words that change fuzziness. Consider, for example, the expression “sort of.” The concept “sort of tall,” if represented graphically, would look approximately as in FIGURE 2. Clearly, if someone is 6’5“, he is not sort of tall-he is just plain tall. But if you are, say, 5’9”, then you are sort of tall. Essentially, the expression “sort of” raises the intermediate values and lowers the high values for “tall.” One might think that tallness is a rather special case. After all, tallness can be described as a continuous function of height plus various contextual factors. But what about more “discrete” concepts? Take the concept of a bird. Heider,* in a psychological experiment, has shown that people do not perceive birdiness as a yes-or-no affair. Rather there seem to be gradations of birdiness. A hierarchy like that given in ( 1 ) emerged from her studies.