Sex differences in the subjective and reinforcing effects of visual and olfactory cigarette smoke stimuli.
Sex differences in the subjective and reinforcing effects of visual and olfactory cigarette smoke stimuli.
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视觉和嗅觉香烟烟雾刺激的主观和强化效应的性别差异。
DOI：
10.1080/14622200110043059
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hutchison,S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Perkins,KA;Gerlach,D;Vender,J;Grobe,J;Meeker,J;Hutchison,S
虽然尼古丁的摄入明显加强了吸烟行为，但非尼古丁的烟雾刺激可能成为吸烟的条件强化因素。在研究1中，我们比较了两种情况下男性和女性吸烟的急性主观效应和强化效应：视觉和嗅觉/味觉烟雾刺激被封锁与不被封锁。“喜欢喷雾剂”和“满意”的主观享乐等级，而不是“强度”、“尼古丁含量高”或CO增加，在封锁条件下与没有封锁条件相比显着降低。在随后的即兴吸烟中，在封锁条件下，自我吸烟的人数明显减少，尤其是在女性中。在研究2中，我们分别检查了这些刺激的影响，发现嗅觉/味觉刺激，而不是视觉刺激，降低了女性的享乐评级和吸烟自我管理，但在男性中没有。在研究3中，研究人员采用了与研究1类似的方法来检验这种对条件刺激反应的性别差异是否可以推广到非药物性行为，如吃披萨。然而，在视觉和嗅觉/味觉食物刺激被封锁后，男性和女性对披萨的享乐评级和随意消费都大大减少。这些结果表明，来自香烟烟雾的可能的嗅觉/味觉条件刺激可能比男性更能影响女性对吸烟的主观享乐评级和强化。然而，这种性别差异可能不会推广到吸烟或其他药物强化之外。
Although nicotine intake clearly reinforces cigarette smoking behavior, non-nicotine smoke stimuli may become conditioned reinforcers of smoking. In Study 1, we compared the acute subjective and reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking in men and women under two conditions: blockade of visual and olfactory/taste smoke stimuli vs. no blockade. Subjective hedonic ratings of ‘like puffs’ and ‘satisfying’, but not ‘strength’, ‘high in nicotine’, or CO boost, were significantly reduced under the blockade vs. no blockade conditions. During subsequent ad lib puffing, significantly fewer puffs were self-administered under the blockade condition, particularly among women. In Study 2, we examined the influences of these stimuli separately and found that olfactory/taste stimuli, but not visual stimuli, reduced hedonic ratings and puff self-administration in women but not in men. In Study 3, procedures similar to those in Study 1 were used to examine whether this sex difference in responses to conditioned stimuli generalizes to a non-drug consummatory behavior, eating (pizza). However, hedonic ratings and ad lib consumption of pizza were substantially reduced in both men and women following blockade of visual and olfactory/taste food stimuli. These results indicate that the presumably conditioned stimuli of olfactory/taste from cigarette smoke may influence subjective hedonic ratings and reinforcement from smoking more in women than in men. However, this sex difference may not generalize beyond smoking or other drug reinforcement.