Gender, Emotion, and Socialization
Gender, Emotion, and Socialization
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_21
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hall, Judith A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brody, Leslie R.;Hall, Judith A.
关于情感过程中的性别差异的讨论很复杂，原因有两个。首先，情绪功能涉及多个过程，包括语言、面部和行为表达能力；情绪体验和意识；识别或解码他人情绪的能力；生理唤醒；以及调节情绪体验和表达的能力。在这些过程中，有一些记录了性别差异，但不是所有的。此外，这些过程中的许多性别差异在个性、社会、文化和情景变量以及任务特征以及愤怒和快乐等特定情绪的质量和强度上都被发现是不一致的。考虑到情绪具有适应性沟通和激励功能的事实，性别差异缺乏一致性并不令人惊讶。例如，表达愤怒是有作用的，因为它向自己和他人传达了目标没有实现的信息。它也是激励性的，因为它促进了人际和个人层面的改变。由于女性和男性经常被社会化以拥有不同的角色、动机、目标和自我图式(女性的照顾角色、亲密动机和相互依赖的自我图式；男性的提供者角色、控制动机和独立的自我图式；Cross&Madsen，1997)，性别差异应该出现在情感过程中。然而，性别差异也不应一概而论，因为男女个人的动机和目标因社会背景而异。此外，女性和男性都需要适应两性之间的权力和地位失衡，在这种失衡中，男性通常比女性拥有更高的权力和地位(见Brody，1999)。从理论上讲，较高的权力与骄傲、内疚和愤怒等情绪有关，而较低的权力与恐惧和羞愧等情绪有关。最近的研究支持了其中的一些观点(Keltner，Gruenfeld，&Anderson，2003)，并指出权力差异，无论是总体上还是在特定情况下，都可能导致情感表达的性别差异。
The discussion of gender differences in emotional processes is complex for two reasons. First, there are multiple processes involved in emotional functioning, including verbal, facial, and behavioral expressiveness; emotional experiences and awareness; the ability to recognize or decode emotions in others; physiological arousal; and the ability to regulate emotional experiences and expressions. Gender differences have been documented for some, but not all of these processes. Further, gender differences in many of these processes have been found to be inconsistent across personality, social, cultural, and situational variables, as well as task characteristics and the quality and intensity of specific emotions such as anger and happiness.This lack of consistency in gender differences is not surprising, considering the fact that emotions serve adaptive communicative and motivational functions. For example, expressing anger is functional in that it communicates, both to oneself as well as to others, that goals are not being met. It is also motivational in that it facilitates change on both interpersonal and intrapersonal levels. Because women and men are often socialized to have different roles, motives, goals, and self-schemas (caretaking roles, intimacy motives, and interdependent self-schemas for women; provider roles, control motives, and independent self-schemas for men; Cross & Madsen, 1997), gender differences should occur in emotional processes. However, gender differences should also fail to generalize broadly because motives and goals for individual women and men vary with the social context. Moreover, both women and men need to adapt to power and status imbalances between the two genders, in which men typically have higher power and status than do women (see Brody, 1999). Higher power is theoretically associated with emotions such as pride, guilt, and anger, whereas lower power is associated with emotions such as fear and shame. Recent research has supported some of these ideas (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003), and indicates that power differentials, both in general as well in specific circumstances, may contribute to gender differences in emotional expressiveness.