Building a science of cities
Building a science of cities
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.008
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发表时间：
2012-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Batty, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Batty, Michael
我们对城市的理解正在被复杂性科学的新方法所改变（Batty，2005）。在这里，我们回顾进展，勾勒的背景开始与系统的方法，治疗系统是从上到下组织的，现在占主导地位的系统被视为从下到上的演变。我们所描述的思维转变最好地体现在从“城市作为机器”到“城市作为有机体”的转变中。我们首先回顾城市动态的发展，平衡的概念已经被不同类型的真正的大杂烩所取代，如混乱，灾难和分叉。然后，我们看看图案和过程，产生的形态，说明分形图案和自相似性。我们遵循这一点的想法，网络和互动，通过他们的交通维持城市，然后我们展示了这样的运动和流动性的过程可以引起不同的空间活动的扩散和隔离。在所有这些发展中，关于尺度的想法，涉及空间和时间的大小，形状和规模是显而易见的，因此，我们勾勒出三个尺度律的基础上排名大小，异速生长和引力是我们的合成空间过程如何引起物理形态的核心。最后，我们总结了这些想法是如何被嵌入到模型中的，这些模型具有潜在的应用，可以为政策提供信息。(C)2011爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Our understanding of cities is being transformed by new approaches from the complexity sciences (Batty, 2005). Here we review progress, sketching the background beginning with the systems approach which treated systems as being organised from the top down to that which now dominates where systems are treated as evolving from the bottom up. The switch in thinking we describe is best pictured in the transition from thinking of 'cities as machines' to 'cities as organisms'. We first review developments in the dynamics of cities where the notion of equilibrium has been replaced by a veritable potpourri of different types such as chaos, catastrophes, and bifurcations. We then look at patterns and processes that give rise to morphologies that illustrate fractal patterns and self-similarity. We follow this with ideas about networks and interactions that sustain cities through their transport and then we show how such processes of movement and mobility can give rise to the diffusion and segregation of different spatial activities. In all these developments, ideas about scaling that relate size, shape and scale in space and time are evident and we thus sketch three scaling laws based on rank-size, allometry and gravitation that are central to our synthesis of how spatial processes give rise to physical morphologies. We conclude with notions about how these ideas are being embedded into models that have potential applications to inform policy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.