Noninvasive Imaging of Nanomedicines and Nanotheranostics: Principles, Progress, and Prospects.
Noninvasive Imaging of Nanomedicines and Nanotheranostics: Principles, Progress, and Prospects.
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纳米医学和纳米治疗学的无创成像：原理、进展和前景。
DOI：
10.1021/cr500314d
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发表时间：
2015-10-14
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Lammers T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kunjachan S;Ehling J;Storm G;Kiessling F;Lammers T
纳米医学的定义是“纳米技术在医学上的应用，包括使用纳米尺寸的载体材料来促进疾病诊断、疾病治疗和治疗监测”。(1)通常用于纳米医学应用的载体材料的实例是脂质体、聚合物、胶束、树枝状聚合物、纳米颗粒和抗体（图1）。(2-5)纳米药物与标准的低分子量药物相比有几个优点。例如，它们能够（I）保护有效载荷免于过早清除、酶降解和/或暴露于潜在有害的生理条件;（II）改善药物和显像剂的生物分布和靶位点积累;（III）改善诊断和治疗干预的体内功效;（IV）减弱药物和显像剂在健康非靶组织中的积累;以及（V）降低副作用的发生率和强度。(6-9)纳米医学可以克服与无效药物递送到病理部位相关的几种生物、物理、化学和临床障碍，并且它们已被证明是用于改善低分子量药剂在癌症、炎性病症、感染和其他危及生命的疾病中的治疗指数的有价值的工具。几种纳米药物现在常规用于临床，包括Doxil/Caelyx（含有阿霉素的聚乙二醇化脂质体）、Abraxane（紫杉醇负载的白蛋白纳米颗粒）、OnCaspar（PEG-1-天冬酰胺酶）、Depocyt（脂质体阿糖胞苷）和Genexol-PM（含有紫杉醇的聚合物胶束）。大量的其他纳米药物制剂正在临床试验中，特别是用于治疗癌症，目前正在临床前水平进行评估。
Nanomedicine is defined as “the application of nanotechnology to medicine, including the use of nanometer-sized carrier materials for facilitating disease diagnosis, disease treatment and treatment monitoring”.(1) Examples of carrier materials routinely used for nanomedicine applications are liposomes, polymers, micelles, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and antibodies (Figure 1).(2-5) Nanomedicines have several advantages over standard low molecular weight agents. They are, for instance, able (I) to protect the payload from premature clearance, enzymatic degradation, and/or exposure to potentially harmful physiological conditions;(II) to improve the biodistribution and target site accumulation of drugs and imaging agents;(III) to improve the in vivo efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions;(IV) to attenuate drug and imaging agent accumulation in healthy, nontarget tissues; and (V) to reduce the incidence and intensity of side effects.(6-9) Nanomedicines can overcome several of the biological, physical, chemical, and clinical barriers associated with ineffective drug delivery to pathological sites,(10-13) and they have been shown to be valuable tools for improving the therapeutic index of low molecular weight agents in cancer, inflammatory disorders, infections, and other life-threatening diseases. Several nanomedicines are nowadays routinely used in the clinic, including Doxil/Caelyx (PEGylated liposomes containing doxorubicin), Abraxane (paclitaxel-loaded albumin nanoparticles), Oncaspar (PEG-l-asparaginase), Depocyt (liposomal cytarabine), and Genexol-PM (polymeric micelles containing paclitaxel). A significant number of additional nanomedicine formulations are in clinical trials, in particular, for the treatment of cancer, and many more are currently being evaluated at the preclinical level.