A nonverbal false belief task: The performance of children and great apes
A nonverbal false belief task: The performance of children and great apes
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/1467-8624.00028
复制
发表时间：
1999-03-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Tomasello, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Call, J;Tomasello, M
一个非语言任务的错误信念的理解是给4-和5岁的儿童（N = 28）和两种大猿：黑猩猩和猩猩（N = 7）。这项任务被嵌入到一系列寻找游戏中，其中一个成年人（隐藏者）将奖励藏在两个相同的容器中的一个中，另一个成年人（交流者）观察隐藏过程，并试图通过在她认为装有奖励的容器上放置标记来帮助参与者。最初的一系列控制试验确保参与者能够使用标记来定位奖励，在可见和不可见的位移中跟随奖励，并且在他们知道标记不正确时忽略标记。在关键的错误信念试验中，传播者观看了隐藏过程，然后离开该区域，此时隐藏者交换了容器的位置。当通讯器返回时，她在容器上标记了她看到的隐藏奖励的位置，这是不正确的。然后，隐藏者给受试者机会找到贴纸。成功的表现需要参与者进行如下推理：交流者将标记放在她看到隐藏奖励的地方;在那个位置的容器现在在另一个位置;所以奖励在另一个位置。孩子们也被赋予了一个口头错误信念的任务，在这个相同的隐藏游戏的背景下。该研究的两个主要结果是：（1）儿童在语言和非语言错误信念任务上的表现高度相关（两者都非常符合以前研究的年龄规范），（2）没有猿类成功完成非语言错误信念任务，尽管它们在所有控制试验中都成功了，表明掌握了一般任务要求。
A nonverbal task of false belief understanding was given to 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 28) and to two species of great ape: chimpanzees and orangutans (N = 7). The task was embedded in a series of finding games in which an adult (the hider) hid a reward in one of two identical containers, and another adult (the communicator) observed the hiding process and attempted to help the participant by placing a marker on the container that she believed to hold the reward. An initial series of control trials ensured that participants were able to use the marker to locate the reward, follow the reward in both visible and invisible displacements, and ignore the marker when they knew it to be incorrect. In the crucial false belief trials, the communicator watched the hiding process and then left the area, at which time the hider switched the locations of the containers. When the communicator returned, she marked the container at the location where she had seen the reward hidden, which was incorrect. The hider then gave the subject the opportunity to find the sticker. Successful performance required participants to reason as follows: the communicator placed the marker where she saw the reward hidden; the container that was at that location is now at the other location; so the reward is at the other location. Children were also given a verbal false belief task in the context of this same hiding game. The two main results of the study were: (1) children's performance on the verbal and nonverbal false belief tasks were highly correlated (and both fit very closely with age norms from previous studies), and (2) no ape succeeded in the nonverbal false belief task even though they succeeded in all of the control trials indicating mastery of the general task demands.