Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes-The Update.
Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes-The Update.
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DOI：
10.3390/s17030504
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发表时间：
2017-03-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Maekawa M
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作者：
Maekawa M
真核生物的细胞膜由磷脂、鞘脂、胆固醇和膜蛋白组成。其中，胆固醇对各种细胞事件至关重要（例如，信号传导、病毒/细菌感染和膜运输），此外还作为类固醇激素、维生素D和胆汁酸的成分发挥重要作用。从微观角度来看，在质膜处，最近出现的证据强烈表明存在与胆固醇和磷脂形成的脂质纳米结构域（例如，鞘磷脂、磷脂酰丝氨酸）。因此，阐明胆固醇在膜中的行为以及胆固醇的行为如何在分子水平上被调节是很重要的。为了阐明细胞膜中胆固醇的复杂特性，最近已经开发了一对有用的生物传感器，使我们能够可视化细胞膜中的胆固醇，通过利用穿孔素O（PFO，θ毒素）的结构域4（D4），胆固醇结合毒素。本文综述了近年来新型胆固醇生物传感器的研究进展，为胆固醇在细胞膜上的研究提供了新的思路。
The cellular membrane of eukaryotes consists of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and membrane proteins. Among them, cholesterol is crucial for various cellular events (e.g., signaling, viral/bacterial infection, and membrane trafficking) in addition to its essential role as an ingredient of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. From a micro-perspective, at the plasma membrane, recent emerging evidence strongly suggests the existence of lipid nanodomains formed with cholesterol and phospholipids (e.g., sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine). Thus, it is important to elucidate how cholesterol behaves in membranes and how the behavior of cholesterol is regulated at the molecular level. To elucidate the complexed characteristics of cholesterol in cellular membranes, a couple of useful biosensors that enable us to visualize cholesterol in cellular membranes have been recently developed by utilizing domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O (PFO, theta toxin), a cholesterol-binding toxin. This review highlights the current progress on development of novel cholesterol biosensors that uncover new insights of cholesterol in cellular membranes.