Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality
Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tra.2013.09.008
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Figliozzi, Miguel A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bigazzi, Alexander Y.;Figliozzi, Miguel A.
接触道路空气污染的健康成本是交通边际成本的一个组成部分，以前没有进行过评估。本文的主要目的是介绍道路污染暴露作为交通的外部性，在道路污染暴露最高的交通拥堵期间尤为重要。开发了边际私人和外部成本方程，除时间、燃料和污染排放成分外，还包括道路污染暴露。道路暴露的边际外部成本包括边际车辆的排放、边际车辆的额外拥堵导致的所有车辆的排放增加，以及边际车辆的额外拥堵导致的所有旅客的额外暴露时间。敏感性分析表明，道路污染暴露可能占高速公路通行能力附近交通流边际社会成本的很大一部分（18%），在不同的暴露参数下，这一比例从4%到38%不等。在最优定价情况下，排除道路暴露外部性可能导致6%的剩余福利损失，因为次优收费。虽然区域污染在不拥挤的情况下产生更大的成本，但在拥挤的高速公路上，由于暴露的持续时间和强度增加，道路上的暴露成为主要的健康成本。估计的边际成本和效益曲线表明，理论上倾向于通过价格控制来解决外部性问题。将道路暴露成本包括在内，减少了支付智能交通系统（ITS）改进的实施成本所需的项目规模；道路收费智能交通系统的净收益比其交通流量改善的净收益增加得更多。当考虑不同的车辆类别时，包括道路暴露成本大大增加了重型车辆的边际成本，因为它们的排放率更高，道路容量利用率更高。最后，在估计健康结果时使用的参数存在很大的不确定性，这些参数是旅行污染强度和持续时间的函数。需要进行更多的研究，以开发将重复的短时间接触与健康结果联系起来的道路接触建模工具。(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle's emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.