Separation and Capture of CO2 from Large Stationary Sources and Sequestration in Geological Formations—Coalbeds and Deep Saline Aquifers
Separation and Capture of CO2 from Large Stationary Sources and Sequestration in Geological Formations—Coalbeds and Deep Saline Aquifers
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DOI：
10.1080/10473289.2003.10466206
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发表时间：
2003-06
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
C. M. White;B. Strazisar;E. Granite;J. S. Hoffman;H. Pennline
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. M. White;B. Strazisar;E. Granite;J. S. Hoffman;H. Pennline
摘要大气CO2浓度增加导致的全球变暖是当今世界面临的最重要的环境问题。这是一个全球性问题，需要在全球一级加以解决。人为CO2排放与大气CO2水平增加，进而与全球气温升高之间的联系已得到公认，并为世界所接受。为解决这一问题，成立了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（《气候公约》）和政府间气候变化专门委员会（气候专委会）等国际组织。为了稳定大气中的温室气体水平和全球温度，同时又不对生活水平产生严重的负面影响，目前正在探讨三种选择：（1）提高能源效率，（2）改用碳密集度较低的能源，（3）碳固存。要取得成功，所有三个选项必须协同使用。第三种选择是本次审查的主题。具体来说，这次审查将涵盖捕获和地质封存的二氧化碳产生的大型点源，即化石燃料发电气化厂。在地质构造中封存CO2是实现总统全球气候变化倡议到2012年将温室气体强度降低18%的目标所必需的。此外，稳定大气中CO2浓度的最佳战略来自于一种多方面的方法，即将CO2固存到地质构造中与提高发电和利用效率、加强保护、增加使用低碳密度燃料以及增加使用核能和可再生能源相结合。本文综述了利用湿法洗涤技术、干式可再生吸附剂、膜、低温技术、变压变温吸附技术和其他先进技术从烟气和燃料气中分离和捕获CO2的研究进展。描述了基于使用单乙醇胺的发电站的现有商业CO2捕集设施，以及Dakota气化所使用的低温甲醇洗工艺，以分离和捕集来自煤气化炉的CO2。两种技术的存储捕获的CO2的审查-封存在深不可开采的煤层伴随着CH 4的回收和封存在深盐水层。这两种技术的关键问题包括估计潜在的存储容量，存储完整性，以及通过向地下注入CO2而引发的物理和化学过程。最近的研究，使用计算机建模以及实验室和现场实验。此外，还启动了几个项目，将二氧化碳注入深层煤层或盐水含水层。一些这样的项目的现状进行了讨论。其中包括一个商业规模的项目，该项目每年向挪威北海下的含水层注入100万吨二氧化碳。审查表明，这一切都可以通过现成的技术安全地实现。然而，必须进行大量的研究和开发，以降低成本，减少风险，并增加封存技术的安全性。该综述还包括与深注CO2相关的可能问题的讨论。由于有可能泄漏到地面并引发地震活动，因此需要解决安全问题。这些问题是沿着一个案例研究，在过去类似的事件。显然，对储存的监测和核查将是所有地质固碳做法的一个关键部分，以避免此类问题。现有的技术包括直接测量CO2和CH 4的表层土壤通量、使用化学示踪剂和地下四维地震监测。提出了十个新的假设来描述当二氧化碳被泵入煤层时会发生什么。这些假设提供了重要的洞察力的基本化学，物理和热力学现象，发生在煤层封存二氧化碳。
Abstract The topic of global warming as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that the world faces today. It is a global problem that will need to be solved on a global level. The link between anthropogenic emissions of CO2 with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and, in turn, with increased global temperatures has been well established and accepted by the world. International organizations such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have been formed to address this issue. Three options are being explored to stabilize atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global temperatures without severely and negatively impacting standard of living: (1) increasing energy efficiency, (2) switching to less carbon-intensive sources of energy, and (3) carbon sequestration. To be successful, all three options must be used in concert. The third option is the subject of this review. Specifically, this review will cover the capture and geologic sequestration of CO2 generated from large point sources, namely fossil-fuel-fired power gasification plants. Sequestration of CO2 in geological formations is necessary to meet the President’s Global Climate Change Initiative target of an 18% reduction in GHG intensity by 2012. Further, the best strategy to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO2 results from a multifaceted approach where sequestration of CO2 into geological formations is combined with increased efficiency in electric power generation and utilization, increased conservation, increased use of lower carbonintensity fuels, and increased use of nuclear energy and renewables. This review covers the separation and capture of CO2 from both flue gas and fuel gas using wet scrubbing technologies, dry regenerable sorbents, membranes, cryogenics, pressure and temperature swing adsorption, and other advanced concepts. Existing commercial CO2 capture facilities at electric power-generating stations based on the use of monoethanolamine are described, as is the Rectisol process used by Dakota Gasification to separate and capture CO2 from a coal gasifier. Two technologies for storage of the captured CO2 are reviewed—sequestration in deep unmineable coalbeds with concomitant recovery of CH4 and sequestration in deep saline aquifers. Key issues for both of these techniques include estimating the potential storage capacity, the storage integrity, and the physical and chemical processes that are initiated by injecting CO2 underground. Recent studies using computer modeling as well as laboratory and field experimentation are presented here. In addition, several projects have been initiated in which CO2 is injected into a deep coal seam or saline aquifer. The current status of several such projects is discussed. Included is a commercial-scale project in which a million tons of CO2 are injected annually into an aquifer under the North Sea in Norway. The review makes the case that this can all be accomplished safely with off-the-shelf technologies. However, substantial research and development must be performed to reduce the cost, decrease the risks, and increase the safety of sequestration technologies. This review also includes discussion of possible problems related to deep injection of CO2 . There are safety concerns that need to be addressed because of the possibilities of leakage to the surface and induced seismic activity. These issues are presented along with a case study of a similar incident in the past. It is clear that monitoring and verification of storage will be a crucial part of all geological sequestration practices so that such problems may be avoided. Available techniques include direct measurement of CO2 and CH4 surface soil fluxes, the use of chemical tracers, and underground 4-D seismic monitoring. Ten new hypotheses were formulated to describe what happens when CO2 is pumped into a coal seam. These hypotheses provide significant insight into the fundamental chemical, physical, and thermodynamic phenomena that occur during coal seam sequestration of CO2 .