A radio census of the massive stellar cluster Westerlund 1

A radio census of the massive stellar cluster Westerlund 1
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大质量星团 Westerlund 1 的射电普查

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/201936256
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
6.5
通讯作者:
Andrews H
Andrews H
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Andrews H

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大质量恒星和它们的恒星风对许多反馈过程都很重要。在恒星风中损失的质量可以帮助确定星星的终点是中子星星(NS)还是黑洞(BH)。然而,质量损失对大质量恒星后主序星演化阶段的影响还没有很好的理解。Westerlund 1是一个理想的天体物理实验室,可以在很大范围的不同演化阶段详细研究大质量恒星及其风。目的我们的目标是研究Westerlund 1的无线电发射,以测量来自大质量恒星群体的无线电通量,并在可能的情况下确定质量损失率和光谱指数。方法2015年和2016年使用澳大利亚望远镜紧凑阵列(ATCA)进行了观测在5.5和9 GHz的使用多种配置,最大基线范围从750米到6 km.ResultsThirty星检测无线电从完全连接的数据集,其中十个是沃尔夫-拉叶星(WR)(主要是晚型WN星),五颗黄超巨星(YHG),四颗红超巨星(RSG),一颗亮蓝变星(LBV),sgB[e]星星W 9,和几颗OB超巨星在射电中发现了5颗WR星和5颗OB超巨星的新的源探测。这些检测导致三个新的OB超巨星二进制候选人的证据,这是推断从派生的光谱指数limits.ConclusionsSpectral指数和指数限制确定为大质量恒星Westerlund 1。对于发现具有部分光学厚发射的簇成员,计算质量损失率。在热辐射恒星风和稳定质量损失率的近似下,估计了8个WR的聚集比。在整个星系团中都探测到了弥散的无线电辐射。探测到无线电发射的节点,没有已知的恒星对应物,表明这个星团内介质的高度聚集结构,可能是由密集的星团风形成的。
ContextMassive stars and their stellar winds are important for a number of feedback processes. The mass lost in the stellar wind can help determine the end-point of the star as a neutron star (NS) or a black hole (BH). However, the impact of mass loss on the post-main sequence evolutionary stage of massive stars is not well understood. Westerlund 1 is an ideal astrophysical laboratory in which to study massive stars and their winds in great detail over a large range of different evolutionary phases.AimsWe aim to study the radio emission from Westerlund 1, in order to measure radio fluxes from the population of massive stars, and determine mass-loss rates and spectral indices where possible.MethodsObservations were carried out in 2015 and 2016 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 5.5 and 9 GHz using multiple configurations, with maximum baselines ranging from 750 m to 6 km.ResultsThirty stars are detected in the radio from the fully concatenated dataset, ten of which are Wolf-Rayet stars (WRs) (predominantly late type WN stars), five yellow hypergiants (YHGs), four red supergiants (RSGs), one luminous blue variable (LBV), the sgB[e] star W9, and several OB supergiants. New source detections in the radio are found for five WR stars, and five OB supergiants. These detections lead to evidence for three new OB supergiant binary candidates, which is inferred from derived spectral index limits.ConclusionsSpectral indices and index limits were determined for massive stars in Westerlund 1. For cluster members found to have partially optically thick emission, mass-loss rates were calculated. Under the approximation of a thermally emitting stellar wind and a steady mass-loss rate, clumping ratios were then estimated for eight WRs. Diffuse radio emission was detected throughout the cluster. Detections of knots of radio emission with no known stellar counterparts indicate the highly clumped structure of this intra-cluster medium, likely shaped by a dense cluster wind.
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