Assessment of the Marine Observing System (ASMOS): Final Report
Assessment of the Marine Observing System (ASMOS): Final Report
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海洋观测系统（ASMOS）评估：最终报告
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Berry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Elizabeth C. Kent;D. Berry
确定海洋观测系统的用户要求并不是一个简单的过程。当被问及这一问题时，用户倾向于问“你能提供什么？”或者回答“尽可能多”。有时，在开始时没有足够的信息或数据来做更多的事情，而不是猜测需求。还有一些务实的考虑。明确用户需求的重要性是很容易证明的。那些有明确用户要求的观测项目，特别是那些要求可以简单说明的项目，在正在开发的全球气候观测系统(GCOS)中蓬勃发展。例如海洋剖面浮标的ARGO计划和用于观测海洋表面温度的漂流浮标网络。用户要求的明确定义，特别是全球气候观测系统的某一特定组成部分可被视为完成的程度，使供资机构能够将资源集中用于这些项目，并很容易报告其供资所产生的影响。更令人向往的是能够证明投资正在收获回报，例如，花在卫星运营项目上的资金可以证明在数量上改善了天气预报。
如果作出贡献的观测平台定期和可预测地抽样，并且已知测量系统各组成部分的不确定特征，就更容易根据用户要求评估观测系统的充分性。尤其难以评估的是由大量观测平台组成的观测系统，这些观测平台的特征是可变的，有时是未知的，采样的细节不可预测，观测场的空间和时间特征知之甚少，信噪比不是特别有利。这些都是海洋表面气象观测系统的特点，该系统目前由船舶观测小组管理的海洋气象观测联合委员会自愿观测船方案的贡献组成，http://www.jcommops.org/sot/)，是由数据浮标合作小组协调的系泊和漂流浮标网络。
本报告将只审议海洋表面气象观测系统的现场组成部分。应当记住，卫星观测系统对海温、风、云和降水的观测有很大贡献。所有来自卫星的参数都需要现场真实数据才能进行校准、验证或偏差校正。地面空气温度、湿度和热通量是无法从天基平台以可用的精度得出的参数的例子。
The definition of user requirements for the marine observing system is not a simple process. When asked, users have a tendency to ask "what can you provide?" or reply "as much as possible". Sometimes there is not enough information or data at the outset to do more than guess at the requirement. There are also pragmatic considerations. The importance of well characterised user requirements is easy to demonstrate. Those observing programs that have clear user requirements, particularly when those requirements can be stated simply, have prospered in the developing Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Examples are the Argo program of ocean profiling floats and the drifting buoy network for observing sea surface temperature (SST). The clear definition of user requirements, and in particular the point at which a particular component of the GCOS can be considered complete, has allowed funding agencies to target resources at these projects and to easily report back on the impact that their funding has had. Even more desirable is the ability to prove that the investment is reaping rewards, for example that the money spent on operational satellite programs can be demonstrated to have improved weather forecasting in a quantitative way.
The assessment of observing system adequacy against user requirements is made easier when the contributing observing platforms sample regularly and predictably and the characteristics of the uncertainty in the components of the measurement system is known. Particularly difficult to assess are observing systems made up of a large number of observing platforms, where the characteristics of those observing platforms are variable and sometimes unknown, where details of the sampling is unpredictable, where the spatial and temporal characteristics of the observed field are poorly known and the signal to noise ratio is not particularly favourable. These are the characteristics of the marine surface meteorological observing system, currently made up of contributions from the JCOMM Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) program managed by the Ship Observations Team (SOT, http://www.jcommops.org/sot/), a network of moored and drifting buoys co-ordinated by the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP, http://www.dbcp.noaa.gov/) and satellite observations.
This report will consider only the in situ component of the marine surface meteorological observing system. It should be remembered that the satellite observing system contributes substantially to observations of SST, winds, cloud and precipitation. All of the satellite-derived parameters require in situ ground truth for calibration, validation or bias correction. Surface air temperature, humidity and heat fluxes are examples of parameters which cannot be derived with usable accuracy from space-based platforms.