Effect of a heat release rate on reproducibility of fire test for hydrogen storage cylinders
Effect of a heat release rate on reproducibility of fire test for hydrogen storage cylinders
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.047
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发表时间：
2018-05
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
S. Kashkarov;D. Makarov;V. Molkov
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Kashkarov;D. Makarov;V. Molkov
该论文讨论了联合国“氢和燃料电池汽车全球技术法规”（GTR#13）中火灾测试的可重复性以及其他法规、规范和标准（RCS）中类似的火灾测试协议。目前，GTR#13要求控制储罐下方的火焰温度。采用原始的阿尔斯特共轭传热数值模型，研究了复合材料氢气储罐的耐火等级（FRR）与火灾热释放速率（HRR）的关系。未使用热激活减压装置。随后在卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院（KIT）进行的验证实验以及前美国火灾测试证实了阿尔斯特的结论，即不仅控制温度，而且控制火灾HRR。这将提高GTR#13防火测试在全球不同实验室的再现性。数值观察到的FRR变化被作者合作者的独特实验数据所证实：HRR = 79 kW时，FRR = 16-22 min，7-8 min（HRR = 165 kW）----两项试验均在KIT进行，使用相同的36 L容积和700 bar压力罐;和6-7分钟（HRR = 370 kW），尽管在美国的该测试是用72.4 L和350 bar的较大体积的罐进行的。具有显著更高的HRR（即4100 kW）和100 L的罐容积和700 bar压力的池火灾试验的数据证实了在HRR高于350 kW时FRR对HRR的依赖性中的“饱和”效应。研究结果支持GTR #13的建议修正案，以提高火灾试验的可重复性，并在HRR>350 kW的情况下对车载储罐进行试验。
The paper addresses the reproducibility of the fire test in the United Nations “Global technical regulation on hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles” (GTR#13) and similar fire test protocols in other regulations, codes and standards (RCS). Currently, GTR#13 requires controlling the flame temperature beneath the tank. An original Ulster conjugate heat transfer numerical model was applied to carry out a study demonstrating the dependence of a fire resistance rating (FRR) of a composite hydrogen tank on a fire heat release rate (HRR). No thermally activated pressure relief device was used. The validation experiments conducted afterwards at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) plus a former USA fire test have confirmed the Ulster's conclusion to control not only temperatures, yet the fire HRR. This will improve the GTR#13 fire test reproducibility in different laboratories worldwide. The numerically observed variations of FRR were confirmed by the unique experimental data of the authors' collaborators: FRR = 16–22 min for HRR = 79 kW, 7–8 min (HRR = 165 kW) – both tests were carried out at KIT with identical 36 L volume and 700 bar pressure tanks; and 6–7 min (HRR = 370 kW), though this test in USA was performed with a larger volume tank of 72.4 L and 350 bar. The data on pool fire test with significantly higher HRR, i.e. 4100 kW, and tank volume of 100 L and 700 bar pressure confirmed the “saturation” effect in the dependence of FRR on HRR at HRR above 350 kW. The results of the study underpin the suggested amendment to GTR#13 to improve the reproducibility of the fire test and perform tests with onboard storage tanks at HRR>350 kW.