Spatio-temporal distribution of hunter–gatherer archaeological sites in the Hokkaido region (northern Japan): An overview
Spatio-temporal distribution of hunter–gatherer archaeological sites in the Hokkaido region (northern Japan): An overview
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DOI：
10.1177/0959683616641745
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发表时间：
2016-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Chiharu Abe;C. Leipe;P. Tarasov;S. Müller;Mayke Wagner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chiharu Abe;C. Leipe;P. Tarasov;S. Müller;Mayke Wagner
北海道地区考古遗址的时空分布揭示了从旧石器时代晚期（BP> 14，000 cal. yr）到新石器时代/绳纹和Epi Jomom时期（c. 14，000 -1300 cal. yr BP）到历史上的阿伊努时期（c. 700-100 cal. yr BP）。似乎大多数文化转型都与气候和环境变化的时期相吻合。然而，这一观察结果并不自动意味着因果关系，因此，必须检查其他潜在的驱动因素。这些数据支持旧石器时代的生存（至少部分）基于陆地狩猎的假设。受晚冰期气候改善、海平面上升和洋流变化的影响，这一战略在绳文时代初期转向海洋资源和植物开发。沿着全新世气候的持续变暖，北海道新石器时代绳纹人的数量在绳纹中期（5000-4000 cal. yr BP）达到顶峰。与此同时，绳文族在粮食资源的开发利用上也经历了多样化和集约化的过程。这种做法可能允许持久的中绳文文化超越全新世温度最佳（约5000卡。此后，人口减少，直到绳文文化结束，伴随着气候条件变冷的趋势，以及生存方式向更狭窄的食物资源转变，狩猎增加，植物食物减少。在萨摩/鄂霍次克文化时期（1500-700 cal. yr BP），这可能是鄂霍次克移民的结果，因为北海道以北地区的气候变冷，以及增强了北海道内部贸易（萨摩和鄂霍次克之间）和与北海道以外社区的贸易。在阿伊努时期（C。700-100 cal. yr BP），地点，可能的人口数量，再减少显着，并集中在东部北海道。是否社会和/或气候因素带来了萨摩文-阿伊努文化的过渡和观察到的人口模式的变化仍然没有解决。
The spatio-temporal distribution of archaeological sites in the Hokkaido region reveals hunter–gatherer population dynamics from the Upper Palaeolithic (>14,000 cal. yr BP) through the Neolithic/Jomon and Epi Jomom period (c. 14,000–1300 cal. yr BP) to the historic Ainu period (c. 700–100 cal. yr BP). It appears that most cultural transitions coincide with periods of climate and environmental change. However, this observation does not automatically mean causality and, therefore, other potential driving factors must be checked. The data support the hypothesis that Palaeolithic subsistence was (at least partly) based on terrestrial hunting. Paralleled by lateglacial climate amelioration, rising sea levels and a change in marine currents, this strategy shifted towards marine resources and plant exploitation at the beginning of the Jomon period. Along with continuous Holocene climate warming, Hokkaido’s Neolithic Jomon population increased culminating in the Middle Jomon period (5000–4000 cal. yr BP). Simultaneously, Jomon subsistence underwent a process of diversification and intensification in exploitation of food resources. This practice probably allowed the persistence of the Middle Jomon culture beyond the Holocene temperature optimum (around 5000 cal. yr BP). Thereafter, the population decreased until the end of the Jomon culture accompanied by a trend towards cooler climate conditions and a shift in subsistence towards a more narrow range of food resources with increased hunting and less plant food. Population re-increased during the Satsumon/Okhotsk culture periods (1500–700 cal. yr BP), which may be the result of Okhotsk immigration because of climate cooling in the regions north of Hokkaido and enhanced inner-Hokkaido trade (between Satsumon and Okhotsk) and trade with communities outside Hokkaido. During the Ainu period (c. 700–100 cal. yr BP), site, and possibly population numbers, re-decreased significantly and concentrated in eastern Hokkaido. Whether social and/or climatic factors brought about the Satsumon–Ainu cultural transition and the observed change in population pattern remains unresolved.