Adaptive myelination from fish to man.
Adaptive myelination from fish to man.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.026
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发表时间：
2016-06-15
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Lyons DA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baraban M;Mensch S;Lyons DA
有髓鞘的轴突与节点的兰维尔是一个共同的进化阐述基本上所有的有颌脊椎动物。由我们周围神经系统中的雪旺细胞和我们中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞产生的髓鞘长期以来一直被认为有助于快速能量有效的神经冲动传播。然而，现在也很清楚，特别是在中枢神经系统中，髓鞘不是简单的静态绝缘体，而是在整个发育和生命过程中动态调节的。新的髓鞘可以通过新分化的少突胶质细胞产生，并且成熟的髓鞘可以被刺激在成人中再次生长。此外，从鱼类到人类的许多模型研究表明，神经元活动可以影响少突胶质细胞发育的不同阶段和髓鞘形成本身的过程。这就引出了一些问题，如这些活动的影响是如何在细胞和分子水平上介导的，以及活动驱动的适应性髓鞘形成是否是所有有髓鞘轴突或所有少突胶质细胞的共同特征，或者是特定于具有特定功能的细胞或回路。在这里，我们回顾了最近的文献关于这一主题，阐述了该领域的关键悬而未决的问题，并期待着未来的研究，将调查从鱼到人的系统，将提供进一步深入了解神经系统可塑性的这一基本方面。这篇文章是题为SI：髓鞘进化的特刊的一部分。少突胶质细胞的CNS髓鞘形成是一个持续到成年的过程。神经元活动调节少突胶质细胞发育的许多方面。中枢神经系统髓鞘形成是适应性的，也受到神经元活动的调节。适应性髓鞘形成可以反过来影响神经系统功能。
Myelinated axons with nodes of Ranvier are an evolutionary elaboration common to essentially all jawed vertebrates. Myelin made by Schwann cells in our peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in our central nervous system has been long known to facilitate rapid energy efficient nerve impulse propagation. However, it is now also clear, particularly in the central nervous system, that myelin is not a simple static insulator but that it is dynamically regulated throughout development and life. New myelin sheaths can be made by newly differentiating oligodendrocytes, and mature myelin sheaths can be stimulated to grow again in the adult. Furthermore, numerous studies in models from fish to man indicate that neuronal activity can affect distinct stages of oligodendrocyte development and the process of myelination itself. This begs questions as to how these effects of activity are mediated at a cellular and molecular level and whether activity-driven adaptive myelination is a feature common to all myelinated axons, or indeed all oligodendrocytes, or is specific to cells or circuits with particular functions. Here we review the recent literature on this topic, elaborate on the key outstanding questions in the field, and look forward to future studies that incorporate investigations in systems from fish to man that will provide further insight into this fundamental aspect of nervous system plasticity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution. CNS myelination by oligodendrocytes is a process that continues through adult life. Neuronal activity regulates many aspects of oligodendrocyte development. CNS myelination is adaptable and is also regulated by neuronal activity. Adaptive myelination can in turn affect nervous system function.