DIVERSITY OF NEW-WORLD MAMMALS - UNIVERSALITY OF THE LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF SPECIES AND BAUPLANS
DIVERSITY OF NEW-WORLD MAMMALS - UNIVERSALITY OF THE LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF SPECIES AND BAUPLANS
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DOI：
10.2307/1382344
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发表时间：
1995-05-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
KAUFMAN, DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KAUFMAN, DM
30年来，人们对新大陆哺乳动物物种丰富度的纬度梯度进行了论证、量化和解释，得出了两个结果：一个是支持存在这种梯度，另一个是对物种丰富度与纬度之间的反比关系缺乏共识。如果除去大陆面积的影响，纬度梯度仍然很强，证明对新大陆是普遍的。这种丰富度的梯度不仅发生在物种水平上，而且还发生在一系列宏观分类学水平上（属、科和序），这代表了生态类型的分布，或称鲍普兰。是什么原因导致了这些现象？我断言，已经提出的任何具体解释（例如，竞争或空间异质性）可以单独解释纬向格局。一个普遍的解释可能是更普遍的;我提出，有一个转移的影响，非生物和生物因素，限制物种沿着梯度从两极到赤道。这种转变反过来又导致影响物种丰富度的因素发生变化，从限制极地物种数量的因素转变为限制热带物种的物理或生态位空间的因素。最终，这些现象产生了纬度梯度（以及拉波波特规则现象）。非生物和生物因素的影响是不同的物种和bauplans;物种的影响很大，而bauplans的影响更强烈的非生物因素。
Thirty years of study to demonstrate, quantify, and explain the latitudinal gradient of species richness in mammals of the New World have produced two results; a surety that such a gradient exists and a lack of consensus as to what causes the inverse relationship between species richness and latitude. If the effects of continental area are removed, the latitudinal gradient remains strong and proves to be universal for the New World. This gradient in richness occurs not only at the species level, but also at a series of macrotaxonomic levels (generic, familial, and ordinal), which represents a distribution of ecological types, or bauplans. What causes these phenomena? I assert that none of the specific explanations that have been proposed (e.g., competition or spatial heterogeneity) alone can account for the latitudinal pattern. A universal explanation is likely to be more general; I propose that there is a shift in the impact of abiotic and biotic factors that limit species along the gradient from the poles to the equator. This shift, in turn, produces a change in factors that influence species richness from one that limits the number of species in polar regions to one that Limits the physical or niche space of species in the tropics. Ultimately, these phenomena produce the latitudinal gradient (as well as the Rapoport's rule phenomena). Effects of abiotic and biotic factors are different for species and bauplans; species are impacted heavily by both, whereas bauplans are influenced much more strongly by abiotic factors.