The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions
The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12402
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发表时间：
2018-03
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
M. van Kleunen;F. Essl;J. Pergl;G. Brundu;M. Carboni;S. Dullinger;R. Early;P. González-Moreno
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. van Kleunen;F. Essl;J. Pergl;G. Brundu;M. Carboni;S. Dullinger;R. Early;P. González-Moreno
逃离栽培并进入本地生态系统的外来植物数量正在稳步增加。我们概述了观赏园艺在植物入侵中的历史、当代和潜在的未来作用。我们表明，目前全球至少 75% 和 93% 的外来归化植物群分别生长在国内和植物园中。花园中生长的物种也比非花园中的物种具有更大的归化范围。中世纪之后，特别是18世纪和19世纪，全球植物贸易网络出现。从那时起，在全球范围内，特别是在 19 世纪，人工栽培的外来物种也开始比非人工栽培的外来物种更频繁地出现在野外。园艺在当前植物引进中仍然发挥着重要作用，世界不同地区活植物进口的货币价值正在稳步增长。从历史上看，植物园作为园艺的重要组成部分，在展示、培育和传播新发现的植物方面发挥着重要作用。尽管植物园在园艺供应链中的作用有所下降，但它们仍然是一个重要的环节，有三分之一的机构参与植物零售和园艺研究。然而，植物园也越来越依赖商业苗圃作为植物来源，特别是在北美。选择用于观赏目的的植物并不是全球植物区系的随机选择，通过园艺促进的一些植物特性（例如快速生长）也会促进入侵。培育非入侵植物品种的努力仍然很少。社会经济、技术和环境的变化将导致植物引进的新模式和已栽培物种的入侵机会。我们描述了园艺在调节这些变化中可以发挥的作用。我们确定了当前的研究挑战，并呼吁对园艺在植物入侵中过去和现在的作用进行更多的研究。这是制定基于科学的监管框架以防止进一步的植物入侵所必需的。
The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non‐cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live‐plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens – an important component of horticulture – played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one‐third of institutions involved in retail‐plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non‐invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio‐economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science‐based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.