Role of l-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine
Role of l-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine
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DOI：
10.1007/s00726-012-1251-9
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Okumura, Nobuaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nagai, Katsuya;Tanida, Mamoru;Okumura, Nobuaki
L-肌肽（β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸; CAR）在哺乳动物骨骼肌中合成。虽然CAR的生理作用尚未阐明，但有证据表明，在体育锻炼期间，CAR从骨骼肌中释放，影响自主神经传递和生理功能。特别地，CAR影响支配肾上腺、肝、肾、胰腺、胃以及白色和棕色脂肪组织的交感神经和副交感神经的活性，从而引起血压、血糖、食欲、脂解和产热的变化。通过组胺H1或H3受体拮抗剂（苯海拉明或硫代哌丁胺）和下丘脑视交叉上核（SCN）（主生物钟）的双侧病变消除了CAR介导的神经传递和生理功能变化。此外，肌肽降解酶（肌肽酶2）被证明是本地化的组胺神经元在下丘脑结节乳头核（TMN）。因此，在运动过程中从骨骼肌释放的CAR可能被转运到TMN-组胺神经元中并被水解。产生的L-组氨酸随后可以转化为组胺，这可能是CAR对神经传递和生理功能的影响的原因。因此，CAR似乎通过调节自主神经以及SCN和组胺的参与来影响降血糖、消肿和脂解活性。这些研究结果进行审查和讨论的背景下，最近的其他报告，包括那些肌肽合成酶，肌肽酶，肌肽运输。
l-Carnosine (beta-alanyl-l-histidine; CAR) is synthesized in mammalian skeletal muscle. Although the physiological roles of CAR have not yet been clarified, there is evidence that the release of CAR from skeletal muscle during physical exercise affects autonomic neurotransmission and physiological functions. In particular, CAR affects the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal glands, liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach, and white and brown adipose tissues, thereby causing changes in blood pressure, blood glucose, appetite, lipolysis, and thermogenesis. CAR-mediated changes in neurotransmission and physiological functions were eliminated by histamine H1 or H3 receptor antagonists (diphenhydramine or thioperamide) and bilateral lesions of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a master circadian clock. Moreover, a carnosine-degrading enzyme (carnosinase 2) was shown to be localized to histamine neurons in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Thus, CAR released from skeletal muscle during exercise may be transported into TMN-histamine neurons and hydrolyzed. The resulting l-histidine may subsequently be converted into histamine, which could be responsible for the effects of CAR on neurotransmission and physiological function. Thus, CAR appears to influence hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and lipolytic activity through regulation of autonomic nerves and with the involvement of the SCN and histamine. These findings are reviewed and discussed in the context of other recent reports, including those on carnosine synthetases, carnosinases, and carnosine transport.