Q fever outbreaks in small ruminants and people in the Netherlands
Q fever outbreaks in small ruminants and people in the Netherlands
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DOI：
10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.022
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Vellema, P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Van den Brom, R.;Vellema, P.
Q热是一种几乎无处不在的人畜共患病，由高度耐药的需氧革兰氏阴性细菌贝氏柯克斯体引起。牛、绵羊和山羊是主要的动物宿主，但这种微生物的感染可能发生在几种动物物种中。受感染的绵羊和山羊可能会流产，主要是在怀孕后期。病原体通过尿液、阴道分泌物、粪便、乳汁排出，并以高浓度通过受感染小反刍动物的分娩液和胎盘排出。对人类的传播主要通过气溶胶途径。在荷兰，Q热不是一种新发现的人类疾病;在1978年至2006年期间，平均每年的通报数为17例。2007年，确认了182例人间病例，主要是在该国南部，在大型奶山羊养殖场密度高的所有地区。2008年，Q热再次出现，主要发生在同一地区，到年底，已经登记了1000例人类病例，这是有记录以来最大的人类疫情。2005年，Q热首次被诊断为两个奶山羊农场的流产原因。2006年、2007年和2008年，奶山羊养殖场分别确认了6例、7例和7例新病例。受感染的奶山羊养殖场主要位于发生人类病例的同一地区，它们被认为是最可能的人类感染源，尽管证据仍不确定。同期报道2例C.在该国南部和北方的两个奶羊农场证实了伯氏体，但这两个病例似乎与人间病例无关。本文旨在描述2007年和2008年荷兰的Q热情况。它首先概述了病原体、疾病及其历史，并重点介绍了荷兰的绵羊和山羊产业以及Q热问题。已经开始研究并采取措施，旨在减少C。burnetii和环境污染，试图减少人类在2010年的接触。(C)2009 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Q fever is an almost ubiquitous zoonosis caused by the highly resistant aerobic Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Cattle, sheep and goats are the primary animal reservoirs, but infection with this organism may occur in several animal species. Infected sheep and goats may abort, mainly in late pregnancy. The causative agent is shed in urine, vaginal fluids, faeces, milk and, in high concentrations, in birth fluids and placentas of infected small ruminants. Transmission to humans mainly occurs through the aerosol route. In the Netherlands, Q fever is not a newly recognized human disease; between 1978 and 2006, the average number of notifications per annum was 17. In 2007, 182 human cases were confirmed, mainly in the southern part of the country, in ail area with a high density of large dairy goat farms. Q fever recurred in 2008, mainly in the same area and at the end of the year exactly 1000 human cases had been registered, making it the largest human outbreak ever recorded. In 2005, Q fever was diagnosed for the first time as a cause of abortion at two dairy goat farms. In 2006, 2007 and 2008, six, seven and seven new cases at dairy goat farms were confirmed, respectively. The infected dairy goat farms were mainly located in the same area where human cases occurred and they are considered the most plausible source of human infection although evidence is still inconclusive. In the same period, two cases of abortion caused by C. burnetii were confirmed at two dairy sheep farms, one in the southern and one in the northern part of the country however these two cases do not appear to be related to human cases. This article aims to describe the Q fever situation in the Netherlands in 2007 and 2008. It starts with an overview of the causal agent, the disease and its history and focuses on the sheep and goat industry in the Netherlands and the Q fever problems. Research has started and measures have been taken aimed at reducing the shedding of C. burnetii and thus environmental contamination, trying to reduce human exposure in 2010. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.