THE COLOR OF LIGHT IN FORESTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
THE COLOR OF LIGHT IN FORESTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
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DOI：
10.2307/2937121
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发表时间：
1993-02-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
ENDLER, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ENDLER, JA
森林在光环境中表现出很大的变化，这可以影响动物之间的交流，动物和植物之间的交流，光合作用和植物形态建成。光环境是由光路的几何形状、天气条件和一天中的时间引起的，并且可以根据这些因素进行预测。当太阳不被云层阻挡时，森林的结构导致四种主要的光栖息地：森林阴影，林地阴影，小间隙和大间隙。它们分别以黄绿色、蓝灰色、红色和“白色”环境光光谱为特征。当太阳被云层遮挡时，这四种生境的光谱会聚在大空隙和开阔区域的光谱上，因此多云天气期间的单一光环境将被称为开放/多云。一个额外的光环境（早/晚）与低太阳角度（接近黎明或黄昏）相关;它是紫色的。每种光环境都有明确的定义，并在特立尼达、巴拿马、哥斯达黎加、澳大利亚、加州和佛罗里达的森林中发现。分散的文献参考表明在北美，欧洲和爪哇的其他地方也有类似的模式。动物、花和果实的感知颜色取决于环境光颜色与动物或植物部分的反射颜色之间的相互作用。因此，动物或植物在每个环境中可能具有不同的外观，即，颜色图案在某些光环境中可能相对隐蔽，而在其它光环境中可能相对显眼。这对视觉信号和视觉的联合进化以及微生境选择具有强烈的影响。植物的生长和形态也可能受到森林光线颜色变化的影响。
Forests exhibit much variation in light environments, and this can affect communication among animals, communication between animals and plants, photosynthesis, and plant morphogenesis. Light environments are caused by, and can be predicted from, the geometry of the light paths, the weather conditions, and the time of day. The structure of forests leads to four major light habitats when the sun is not blocked by clouds: forest shade, woodland shade, small gaps, and large gaps. These are characterized by yellow-green, blue-gray, reddish, and ''white'' ambient light spectra, respectively. When the sun is blocked by clouds, the spectra of these four habitats converge on that of large gaps and open areas, so the single light environment during cloudy weather will be called open/cloudy. An additional light environment (early/late) is associated with low sun angles (near dawn or dusk); it is purplish. Each light environment is well defined and was found in forests of Trinidad, Panama, Costa Pica, Australia, California, and Florida. Scattered literature references suggest similar patterns elsewhere in North America, Europe, and Java. Perceived colors of animals, flowers, and fruits depend upon the interaction between ambient light color and the reflectance color of the animal or plant parts. As a result, an animal or plant may have a different appearance in each environment, i.e., a color pattern may be relatively cryptic in some light environments while relatively conspicuous in others. This has strong implications for the joint evolution of visual signals and vision, as well as microhabitat choice. Plant growth and form may also be affected by variation in the color of forest light.