Perspective on the inclusion of polychlorinated naphthalenes as a candidate POP in annex C of the stockholm convention.
Perspective on the inclusion of polychlorinated naphthalenes as a candidate POP in annex C of the stockholm convention.
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DOI：
10.1021/es402602k
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发表时间：
2013-07
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Guorui Liu;M. Zheng
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Guorui Liu;M. Zheng
已提议将多氯化萘（PCNs）作为《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》（SC）涵盖的无意持久性有机污染物（POP）列入附件C。持久性有机污染物审查委员会于2011年10月评估了多氯化萘的持久性、生物累积性、远距离环境迁移潜力和不利影响，并决定二-八氯化萘同系物符合持久性有机污染物的标准。将于2013年10月开展与社会经济因素和多氯化萘风险管理评价相关的进一步审查。作为被提名的新的持久性有机污染物之一，多氯化萘可能会提交缔约方大会第七届会议，供缔约方商定。我们认为，从成本效益分析的角度来看，将多氯化萘纳入《斯德哥尔摩公约》附件C可能不是减少多氯化萘无意排放的最佳方案。通过实施《SC》下的二恶英活动来实现多氯化萘的协同减排可能会更好。本文讨论了将多氯化萘纳入《SC》附件C所带来的额外环境效益和潜在的财政负担。此外，我们建议使用二恶英作为控制和减少工业热力过程中无意排放的持久性有机污染物（包括多氯化萘）的有效性指标。目前有23种持久性有机污染物被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》附件。在这些化学品中，二恶英（PCDD/Fs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、六氯苯（HxCBz）和五氯苯（PeCBz）可从工业来源无意释放，因此被列入附件C。如果将多氯化萘列入附件C，则《斯德哥尔摩公约》将涵盖六种无意产生的持久性有机污染物。缔约方需要采取措施，减少或消除工业界对这些持久性有机污染物的无意排放。减少无意排放将需要一系列国家活动，包括源的确定和量化、编制排放清单、技术创新和设施更新以减少排放、例行排放监测以及有关机构的管理和监督。这些活动可能需要大量的财政支助。如果需要遵循同样的程序来消除每一个无意的持久性有机污染物，开支将成倍增加。因此，实现工业源多种无意持久性有机污染物的协同减排将有利于环境保护。对持久性有机污染物进行源识别和定量是控制和规范持久性有机污染物排放的第一步。然而，尚未对多氯化萘的无意来源进行深入调查。二恶英的来源已在《安全公约》下有系统地确定和量化超过10年。此外，由于二恶英和多氯化萘具有相似的形成机制和密切的相关性，二恶英来源被推测具有形成和排放多氯化萘的潜力。废物焚烧、黑色和有色金属冶炼、热力和发电以及矿产品生产已被确定为二恶英的重要工业热源。因此，此类工业来源也可能是无意多氯化萘的重要来源。先前关于工业生产过程中多氯化萘排放的研究支持了这一推测。因此，对于这些主要来源，实现二恶英和多氯化萘的协同减排是可能的。为了减少二恶英的排放，已开发出最佳可得技术/最佳环境做法，并在许多工业来源中加以应用。许多研究报告了无意产生的持久性有机污染物的类似形成机制。例如，多氯化萘和多氯二苯并对二恶英/多氯二苯并呋喃可在工业热处理过程中由多环芳烃和氯苯酚等常见前体合成。在我们之前的研究中，已经对从多种工业热过程中采集的粉煤灰样本中的PCDD/Fs和PCNs水平进行了深入量化。本文在图1中绘制了从11个国家和地区采集的50个飞灰样本中的多氯化萘浓度与多氯二苯并对二恶英/多氯二苯并呋喃浓度的关系图。
P naphthalenes (PCNs) have been proposed for inclusion in Annex C as unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) covered by the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs. The POP Review Committee evaluated the persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for longrange environmental transport and adverse effects of PCNs in October 2011, and decided that the di-octa homologues fulfill the criteria for POPs. Further review related to socioeconomic considerations and the development of a risk management evaluation of PCNs will be performed in October 2013. As one of the nominated new POPs, PCNs might then be submitted at the seventh Conference of the Parties (COP7) for agreement by the Parties. In our opinion, the inclusion of PCNs into Annex C of SC might not be the optimum scheme for reducing unintentional PCN emission from the view of cost-benefit analysis. It might be better to achieve synergistic emission reduction of PCNs by implementing activities for dioxins under the SC. This paper discusses the additional environmental benefit and potential financial burden resulting from the inclusion of PCNs into Annex C of the SC. Furthermore, we suggest the use of dioxins as an indicator of the effectiveness of controlling and reducing the emission of unintentional POPs including PCNs from industrial thermal processes. There are currently 23 POPs listed in SC annexes. Among these chemicals, dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) can be unintentionally released from industrial sources, and are thus listed in Annex C. If PCNs are to be listed in Annex C, the SC will cover six unintentional POPs. Parties need to take measures to reduce or eliminate the unintentional emissions of these POPs by industry. Reducing unintentional emissions would require a series of national activities including source identification and quantification, development of an emission inventory, technological innovation and facility renewal for emission reduction, routine emission monitoring, and management and supervision by related agencies. These activities might require large financial support. If the same procedure needs to be followed to eliminate each unintentional POP, there would be a multiplefold increase in expenditure. Thus, achieving synergistic emission reductions of multiple unintentional POPs at industrial sources would benefit environmental protection. Source identification and quantification of POPs is the first step in controlling and regulating POP emission. However, the unintentional sources of PCNs have not been intensively investigated. Sources of dioxins have been systematically identified and quantified for over 10 years under the SC. Additionally, dioxin sources have been speculated to have the potential to form and emit PCNs because dioxins and PCNs having a similar formation mechanism and close correlation. Waste incinerations, ferrous and nonferrous metal smelting, heat and power generation, and the production of mineral products have been identified as important industrial thermal sources of dioxins. Thus, such industrial sources might also be important sources of unintentional PCNs. Previous studies associated with the PCN emission from industrial processes have supported this speculation. Thus, for such major sources, achieving the synergistic emission reductions of dioxins and PCNs is possible. To reduce the emissions of dioxins, best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) has been developed and applied at many industrial sources. Many studies have reported similar formation mechanisms for the unintentional POPs. For example, PCNs and PCDD/Fs can be synthesized by common precursors, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophenols, during industrial thermal processes. The levels of PCDD/Fs and PCNs in fly ash samples taken from multiple industrial thermal processes have been intensively quantified in our previous studies. In this paper, PCN concentrations are plotted in Figure 1 against PCDD/F concentrations for 50 fly ash samples taken from 11