Whispering gallery mode sensors.
Whispering gallery mode sensors.
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DOI：
10.1364/aop.7.000168
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发表时间：
2015-06-30
影响因子：
27.1
通讯作者：
Vollmer F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Foreman MR;Swaim JD;Vollmer F
我们提出了一个全面的概述传感器技术利用光学回音壁模式（WGM）的共振。在简短的介绍之后，我们开始详细介绍光学微腔中的WGM的基本原理和理论以及经常用于传感目的的转换机制。重点介绍了WGM系统建模和分析的最新理论贡献。随后，我们回顾了WGM传感器的最新技术水平，概述了迄今为止为提高当前检测限所做的努力。在这方面的建议是众多的，例如，从等离子体增强和有源腔到混合光机械传感器，其已经在散粒噪声限制范围内工作。在进一步提高WGM灵敏度的同时，提高时间分辨率的努力也开始出现。因此，我们总结了在这方面所追求的技术。最终，WGM传感器的目标是现实世界的应用，例如力和温度的测量，或者气体和生物传感。每一个这样的应用程序，从而反过来审查，并讨论了重要的成就。最后，我们采用了一个更具前瞻性的观点，并讨论了WGM传感器在物理和生物背景下的前景，并考虑它们如何进一步推动检测范围。
We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real-world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn, and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward-looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope further.