Spatial Inequality and the Politics of Urban Expansion
Spatial Inequality and the Politics of Urban Expansion
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空间不平等与城市扩张的政治
DOI：
10.1177/097542531100200204
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
N. Sridharan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Sridharan
印度的大都市地区充当增长引擎并推动城市化进程。在大都市地区内，存在着强烈的“空间并置”（即空间和经济发展过程转移到城市外围，形成集聚经济，与现有城市竞争）。使用“第二能力”的概念，即萨森（Sassen，2006，第 72 页）以改进的寻租方式定义的“形成提取收入的国家官僚机构”（即在“标准化税收”之外，包括政客而不仅仅是萨森概述的国家官僚机构），以及“监管断裂”——萨森将其定义为“不符合监管但不违法的中间空间”（Sassen， 2006 年，第 392 页）——本文解释了发展过程中空间、法律、行政、政治、社会和经济不平等是如何发生的。文章显示，由于不遵守第74宪法修正案（第74 CAA）设立大都市规划委员会和地区规划委员会来管理大都市周边事务，导致了印度城市的空间不平等。它揭示了一个国家内部的政治经济方程如何决定导致不平等的城市扩张类型，正如各种案例研究所证明的那样。本文以胡布利-达尔瓦德、苏拉特和印多尔为例，分析了这种不均匀的空间扩张及其在空间、经济和社会不平等方面的后果。它使用历史谷歌图像和印度调查地图以及土地利用调查来研究计划内和计划外的发展过程，并将其与国家官僚机构和监管断裂联系起来。它展示了大都市政府如果按照第 74 届 CAA 的规定就位，可以如何减少大都市发展中的空间不平等。
Metropolitan regions in India act as growth engines and propel conurbation processes. Within metropolitan regions, there are strong ‘spatial juxtapositions’ (that is, spatial and economic development processes moved to urban peripheries to create agglomeration economies, competing with the existing city). Using the concepts of ‘second capability’, that is, ‘the formation of a state bureaucracy for extracting revenue’ defined by Sassen (2006, p. 72) in a modified way of rent seeking (that are outside the ‘standardized taxation’ and includes politicians and not just state bureaucracy as outlined by Sassen), and ‘regulatory fractures’—defined by Sassen as ‘in-between spaces that do not comply with regulation and yet not in violation’ (Sassen, 2006, p. 392)—the present article explains how spatial, legal, administrative, political, social and economic inequalities occur in the development process. The article shows that non-compliance to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA) in setting up Metropolitan Planning and District Planning Committees to manage the affairs of the periphery of the metropolitan cities have resulted in spatial inequalities in Indian cities. It reveals how the political economy equations within a state dictate the type of urban expansion that causes inequalities as evidenced through various case studies. This article analyzes such uneven spatial expansions and their consequences in terms of spatial, economic and social inequality, taking case studies of Hubli–Dharwad, Surat and Indore. It uses historical Google images and Survey of India maps along with land use surveys to study planned and unplanned development processes, relating this to state bureaucracy and regulatory fractures. It shows how a metropolitan government, if in place as per the 74th CAA, can reduce the spatial inequalities in metropolitan development.