Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins
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DOI：
10.1016/s0377-8401(97)81630-6
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发表时间：
1997-11-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Macdonald, AMC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DMello, JPF;Macdonald, AMC
真菌毒素是真菌的次级代谢产物，与动物和人类的某些疾病有关。动物体内的毒性表现与产生这些化合物的真菌种类一样多种多样。除了具有急性毒性外，一些霉菌毒素现在与某些类型癌症的发病率有关，正是这一方面引起了全球对饲料和食品安全的关注。对于反刍动物，相关的真菌毒素是由热带来源的蛋白质补充剂（主要是棉籽饼和花生粉）以及感染内生菌的某些草的真菌污染产生的。此外，其他谷物和相关的副产品也可能受到霉菌毒素的污染。当棉籽饼和花生粕被黄曲霉和曲霉感染时，寄生虫，这些膳食经常被多达四种黄曲霉毒素污染，其中一种（黄曲霉毒素B-1）是致癌物质，并且可以被哺乳动物转化为另一种潜在的致癌物质（类毒素M-1）并分泌到牛奶中。玉米和高粱等谷物也可能受到黄曲霉毒素污染，此外，最近还报告了世界范围内玉米受到伏马菌素污染的情况。伏马菌素由串珠镰刀菌合成，现已与人类食道癌的发病率以及南部非洲动物真菌中毒的爆发有关。在反刍动物食用天然污染的致腐真菌的饲料时，已经确定了明确的综合征。特别重要的是枝顶孢属物种的内生真菌，其可感染高羊茅和多年生黑麦草，导致牛和羊的生产力降低和神经影响。麦角肽汀和洛利特伦生物碱被认为是致病因子。此外，羽扇豆属植物、豆荚和种子被细茎拟茎点霉感染可能导致与绵羊羽扇豆病相关的根视蛋白的合成。最近的研究表明，发展没有或抵抗病原真菌感染的植物基因型具有广阔的前景。在黄曲霉毒素污染的油籽粉的情况下，用氨处理是一种具有成本效益的解毒方法。(C)1997年Elsevier Science B.V.
Mycotoxins are those secondary metabolites of fungi which are associated with certain disorders in animals and humans. The manifestations of toxicity in animals are as diverse as the fungal species which produce these compounds. In addition to being acutely toxic, some mycotoxins are now linked with the incidence of certain types of cancer and it is this aspect which has evoked global concern over feed and food safety. For ruminants, the mycotoxins of relevance are those arising from fungal contamination of protein supplements of tropical origin, principally cottonseed cake and groundnut meal, and certain grasses infected with endophytes. In addition, other grains and associated by-products may be contaminated with mycotoxins. When cottonseed cake and groundnut meal become infected with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, these meals are frequently contaminated with up to four aflatoxins, one of which (aflatoxin B-1) is a carcinogen and may be converted into another potential carcinogen (anatoxin M-1) by lactating animals and secreted in milk. Aflatoxin contamination of cereals such as maize and sorghum may also occur and, in addition, worldwide contamination of maize with fumonisins has recently been reported. The fumonisins are synthesised by Fusarium moniliforme and have now been linked with the incidence of oesophageal cancer in humans and with outbreaks of animal mycotoxicoses in southern Africa. Well-defined syndromes have been identified in ruminants consuming forages naturally contaminated with toxigenic fungi. Of particular importance are the endophytic fungi of the Acremonium species which may infect tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, causing reduced productivity and neurological effects in cattle and sheep. The ergopeptine and lolitrem alkaloids have been implicated as the causative agents. In addition, infection of lupin stubbles, pods and seeds by Phomopsis leptostromiformis may result in the synthesis of the phomopsins which have been associated with lupinosis in sheep. Recent research indicates promising prospects for the development of plant genotypes devoid of, or resistant to, infection by toxigenic fungi. In the case of aflatoxin contaminated oil-seed meals, treatment with ammonia is a cost-effective method of detoxification. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.