Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic

Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic
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冰河时代北极巨型动物的生命和灭绝

DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1516573112
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Shapiro, Beth
Shapiro, Beth
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mann, Daniel H.;Groves, Pamela;Reanier, Richard E.;Gaglioti, Benjamin V.;Kunz, Michael L.;Shapiro, Beth

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了解生活在猛犸象草原上的大型动物的种群动态,有助于我们深入了解更新世末期和今天物种灭绝的原因。我们的研究区域是阿拉斯加的北坡,在这个地方,当这些物种灭绝时,人类是罕见的。在开发了一种统计方法来消除由放射性碳校准造成的年龄伪影之后,我们将骨丰度的时间模式与气候记录进行了比较。大型动物的丰度跟踪了冰河时代的气候,在从冷到暖的过渡时期达到顶峰。这些结果表明,猛犸象草原的一个明显特征是其时间上的不稳定性,这意味着高纬度冰河时代生物地理学的特征是区域性灭绝,然后从远处避难所重新建立种群。由此可见,远距离的扩散对于生活在北极的大型动物物种的长期生存至关重要。只有当它们迅速变化的山脉土地在地理上相互关联时,这种扩散才有可能。上一个冰河时代的结束是致命的独特之处,因为在稳定的间冰期气候导致泥炭地扩张的同时,海平面上升切断了以前的扩散路线,北极大型动物的地理范围变得永久性地支离破碎。
Understanding the population dynamics of megafauna that inhabited the mammoth steppe provides insights into the causes of extinctions during both the terminal Pleistocene and today. Our study area is Alaska's North Slope, a place where humans were rare when these extinctions occurred. After developing a statistical approach to remove the age artifacts caused by radiocarbon calibration from a large series of dated megafaunal bones, we compare the temporal patterns of bone abundance with climate records. Megafaunal abundance tracked ice age climate, peaking during transitions from cold to warm periods. These results suggest that a defining characteristic of the mammoth steppe was its temporal instability and imply that regional extinctions followed by population reestablishment from distant refugia were characteristic features of ice-age biogeography at high latitudes. It follows that long-distance dispersal was crucial for the long-term persistence of megafaunal species living in the Arctic. Such dispersal was only possible when their rapidly shifting range lands were geographically interconnected. The end of the last ice age was fatally unique because the geographic ranges of arctic megafauna became permanently fragmented after stable, interglacial climate engendered the spread of peatlands at the same time that rising sea level severed former dispersal routes.
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