Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.5b04983
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发表时间：
2016-02-02
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Stephens, Brent
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Azimi, Parham;Zhao, Dan;Stephens, Brent
之前的研究表明，桌面3D打印机在打印过程中会排放大量超细颗粒（UFP，小于100 nm的颗粒）和一些有害的挥发性有机化合物（VOC），尽管迄今为止测试的灯丝和3D打印机组合很少。在这里，我们通过在测试室中进行的受控实验，量化了五种商用长丝挤出桌面3D打印机的UFP和物种VOC排放，这些打印机使用了多达九种不同的长丝。在所有测试组合中，随时间变化的UFP排放速率的中位数估计值范围从类似于10（8）到类似于10（11）min（-1），主要因长丝材料而异，其次是床温。个别挥发性有机化合物的排放量最大的包括己内酰胺从尼龙为基础的和仿木材和砖长丝（范围从近似2到近似180 μ g/min），来自丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（ABS）和高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）长丝的苯乙烯（范围从类似于10到类似于110微克/分钟），以及来自聚乳酸（PLA）长丝的丙交酯（范围从类似于4到类似于5微克/分钟）。在典型的小型办公室环境中对这些产品的潜在暴露进行筛选分析的结果表明，在通风不良的空间或没有组合气体和颗粒过滤系统的帮助下操作许多打印机和灯丝组合时应谨慎。
Previous research has shown that desktop 3D printers can emit large numbers of ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) and some hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during printing, although very few filament and 3D printer combinations have been tested to date. Here we quantify emissions of UFPs and speciated VOCs from five commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printers utilizing up to nine different filaments by controlled experiments in a test chamber. Median estimates of time-varying UFP emission rates ranged from similar to 10(8) to similar to 10(11) min(-1) across all tested combinations, varying primarily by filament material and, to a lesser extent, bed temperature. The individual VOCs emitted in the largest quantities included caprolactam from nylon-based and imitation wood and brick filaments (ranging from similar to 2 to similar to 180 mu g/min), styrene from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) filaments (ranging from similar to 10 to similar to 110 mu g/min), and lactide from polylactic acid (PLA) filaments (ranging from similar to 4 to similar to 5 mu g/min). Results from a screening analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical small office environment suggest caution should be used when operating many of the printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without the aid of combined gas and particle filtration systems.