Methods and Procedures for Catalyst Characterization
Methods and Procedures for Catalyst Characterization
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催化剂表征的方法和程序
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Delmon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Haber;J. Block;B. Delmon
本文的部分是
The sections in this article are
Introduction
Catalyst Preparation
Preparation of the Primary Solid
Deposition
Impregnation
Ion exchange
Gas-phase deposition
Solid–solid reactions
Wash coat
Precipitation and Coprecipitation
Synthesis of Zeolites and Related Materials
Precipitation–Deposition
Gel Formation and Related Processes
Selective Removal
Pillared Layer Compounds
Treatment of Intermediate Solids or Precursors
Activation of the Precursor (see Chapter Reactions During Catalyst Activation)
Forming Methods
Powder: Preparation, Crushing and Grinding
Forming by Crushing
Spray Drying
Oil Drop
Granulation
Tabletting
Extrusion
Stability During Handling and Storage
Characterization of Surface Properties by Adsorption Methods
Methodology
Static Methods
Dynamic Methods
Desorption
Precautions
Categories of Catalysts
Metals [13-16]
Acidic Amorphous Oxides and Zeolites
Sulfides
Fine Structure of Catalysts [12, 20]
Surface Structure and Chemical Composition
Surface Structure and Topography
Electron Microscopy
Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy (CTEM)
Techniques Related to CTEM
X-Ray and Neutron Methods for Structure Determination
X-Ray Diffraction and Diffusion
Radial Electron Distribution (RED)
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) [20]
Techniques Related to EXAFS
Neutron Diffraction
Ion Scattering Techniques
Electron State and Local Environment of Elements [20-31]
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [20]
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
Mossbauer Spectroscopy (see Chapter Gamma Spectroscopy)
Vibrational Spectroscopies
Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Infrared Emission Spectroscopy
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS)
Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)
Others
Raman Spectroscopy
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy (INS)
Electron Spectroscopies
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPES, UPES)
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
Determination of Spatial Distribution of Elements
Analytical Electron Microscopy
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS, EDX)
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)
Ion Beam Techniques
Depth Profiling
Catalytic Properties
Reactor Types and Measurement Methods [38]
Plug-Flow Reactor
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Fluidized-Bed Reactor
Batch Reactor
Discontinuous Flow Reactor
Reactant Introduction Methods
Typical Experimental Parameters Used in Catalyst Testing
Reactor
Reactants
Catalyst
Problems of Heat and Mass Transfer
Kinetic Analysis [39-47]
Determination of the Reaction Rate
Rate Equations
Selection of a Suitable Form of the Rate Equation and Evaluation of Constants
Heat and Mass Transfer Effects (see Part 6)
Internal Mass and Heat Transfer
External Mass and Heat Transfer
Inhibition of Catalytic Action
Identification of the Inhibiting Substances
Identification of the Mode of Action of the Inhibiting Substances
Characterization of Catalysts with Respect to Their Response to IS
Poisons
Inhibitors
Fouling Agents
Deactivation of Catalysts and Time-Dependent Effects
Deactivation: Overall Characterization
Physicochemical Characterization in Deactivation Studies
Accelerated Tests
Regeneration
Preliminary Treatment
Removal of Inhibitory Substances (IS)
Removal of Coke
Removal of Foulants
Redispersion
General
Keywords:
catalyst characterization;
catalyst preparation;
surface properties;
fine structure;
reactors;
kinetic analysis;
IUPAC