Urinary and hand wipe pesticide levels among farmers and nonfarmers in Iowa
Urinary and hand wipe pesticide levels among farmers and nonfarmers in Iowa
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500428
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发表时间：
2005-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Alavanja, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Curwin, BD;Hein, MJ;Alavanja, MC
2001年春夏，作为一项调查爱荷华州农场家庭农药暴露和家庭污染的更大研究的一部分，从24名男性农民和23名非农民男性对照组收集了尿液和手巾样本。在大约相隔1个月的两次情况下，从每个参与者身上采集了一份手部擦拭样本以及一份晚上和早上的尿样。分析了甲草胺、阿特拉津、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2，4-D)和毒死蜱六种常用农用农药的母体化合物或代谢物。对于阿特拉津、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺和2，4-D，报告使用杀虫剂的农民的尿代谢物水平显著高于非农民、未使用杀虫剂的农民和已商业使用杀虫剂的农民(P<0.05)。一般来说，在非农民、不使用杀虫剂的农民和商业使用杀虫剂的农民之间，尿中农药代谢物水平没有差异。在报告自己使用2，4-D的农民中，使用2，4-D的时间、农药施用量和使用面积与2，4-D的尿液水平关系不大。在报告自己使用阿特拉津的农民中，使用阿特拉津的时间和农场规模与阿特拉津硫代尿液水平略有关联。报告使用封闭驾驶室使用这些杀虫剂的农民尿液中农药代谢物水平较高，尽管差异在统计学上并不显著。报告使用封闭出租车的农民倾向于使用更多的杀虫剂。大多数擦手样本都是检测不到的。然而，手巾中阿特拉津的检测与尿液中高于中位数的阿特拉津水平显著相关(P值<；0.01)。
In the spring and summer of 2001, as part of a larger study investigating farm family pesticide exposure and home contamination in Iowa, urine and hand wipe samples were collected from 24 male farmers and 23 male nonfarmer controls. On two occasions approximately 1 month apart, one hand wipe sample and an evening and morning urine sample were collected from each participant. The samples were analyzed for the parent compound or metabolites of six commonly used agricultural pesticides: alachlor, atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- D) and chlorpyrifos. For atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor and 2,4- D, farmers who reported applying the pesticide had significantly higher urinary metabolite levels than nonfarmers, farmers who did not apply the pesticide, and farmers who had the pesticide commercially applied (P- value < 0.05). Generally, there were no differences in urinary pesticide metabolite levels between nonfarmers, farmers who did not apply the pesticide, and farmers who had the pesticide commercially applied. Among farmers who reported applying 2,4- D themselves, time since application, amount of pesticide applied, and the number of acres to which the pesticide was applied were marginally associated with 2,4- D urine levels. Among farmers who reported applying atrazine themselves, time since application and farm size were marginally associated with atrazine mercapturate urine levels. Farmers who reported using a closed cab to apply these pesticides had higher urinary pesticide metabolite levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Farmers who reported using closed cabs tended to use more pesticides. The majority of the hand wipe samples were nondetectable. However, detection of atrazine in the hand wipes was significantly associated with urinary levels of atrazine above the median (P- value < 0.01).