COLD ADAPTATION IN MARINE ORGANISMS
COLD ADAPTATION IN MARINE ORGANISMS
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1990.0037
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发表时间：
1990-01-30
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
JOHNSTON, IA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
JOHNSTON, IA
来自极地海洋的动物表现出许多所谓的抗性适应，这些适应有助于在低温下保持动态平衡，防止致命的冰冻伤害。专门用于摄氏0度或以下的温度。C与无法在3-8℃以上的温度下生存有关。C.极地鱼类合成各种类型的糖蛋白或多肽，以非结合的方式降低大多数细胞外液隔室的冰点。在北方物种中，防冻剂的生产是季节性的，通常是由低温以外的环境线索发起的，特别是较短的白天。潮间带无脊椎动物能够在冰冻中存活下来的大多数适应能力与它们承受Ariel暴露的能力有关。对避免冰冻的独特适应包括合成控制和诱导细胞外结冰的低分子质量冰核蛋白。海洋变温动物还表现出一系列能力适应能力，提高某些生理过程的速度，以部分补偿低温的影响。然而，各种海洋生物的胚胎发育率并没有显示出温度补偿的证据。这导致极地物种从受精到孵化的时间相对于温带物种显著延长。极地海洋物种生理的某些方面，如新陈代谢低和生长缓慢，可能是低温和其他因素(如食物供应的高度季节性)共同作用的结果。虽然南极鱼类的神经肌肉功能表现出部分能力适应，但最大游泳速度低于温带和热带物种，特别是在生活史的早期阶段。
Animals from polar seas exhibit numerous so called resistance adaptations that serve to maintain homeostasis at low temperature and prevent lethal freezing injury. Specialization to temperatures at or below 0.degree. C is associated with an inability to survive at temperatures above 3-8.degree.C. Polar fish synthesize various types of glycoproteins or peptides to lower the freezing point of most extracellular fluid compartments in a non-colligative manner. Antifreeze production is seasonal in boreal species and is often initiated by environmental cues other than low temperature, particularly short day lengths. Most of the adaptations that enable intertidal invertebrates to survive freezing are associated with their ability to withstand ariel exposure. Unique adaptations for freezing avoidance include the synthesis of low molecular mass ice-nucleating proteins that control and induce extracellular ice-formation. Marine poikilotherms also exhibit a range of capacity adaptations that increase the rate of some physiological processes so as to partially compensate for the effects of low temperature. However, the rate of embryonic development in a diverse range of marine organisms shows no evidence of temperature compensation. This results in a significant lengthening of the time from fertilization to hatching in polar, relative to temperate, species. Some aspects of the physiology of polar marine species, such as low metabolic and slow growth rates, probably result from a combination of low temperature and other factors such as the highly seasonal nature of food supplies. Although neuromuscular function shows a partial capacity adaptation in Antarctic fish, maximum swimming speeds are lower than for temperate and tropical species, particularly for early stages in the life history.