The Heterogeneity, Distribution, and Environmental Associations of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, the Agent of Lyme Borreliosis, in Scotland.
The Heterogeneity, Distribution, and Environmental Associations of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, the Agent of Lyme Borreliosis, in Scotland.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpubh.2014.00129
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Forbes KJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
James MC;Gilbert L;Bowman AS;Forbes KJ
莱姆病是一种由伯氏疏螺旋体（Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato）复合菌引起的新兴人类传染病，在欧洲和北美的许多地区报告的病例不断增加。为了了解疾病风险的驱动因素和症状的分布，这可能会改善缓解和诊断，在这里，我们描述了B的遗传，分布和环境关联。布格多费里公司苏格兰各地的物种在苏格兰，报告的莱姆病病例自2000年以来增加了近10倍，但B的分布。布格多费里公司到目前为止还没有研究过。通过对从25个地点的鸟类、哺乳动物和植被中收集的2200多个蓖麻硬蜱蜱样本进行大规模调查，我们确定了4个基因种：阿氏疏螺旋体（48%）、伽氏疏螺旋体（36%）、瓦氏疏螺旋体（8%）和B。严格意义上的伯氏螺旋体（7%）和1例混合基因种感染。令人惊讶的是，90%的序列类型是新的，重要的是，高达14%的样本是混合的基因种内共感染，这表明蜱共喂养，喂养多个主机，或多个感染主机。B。garinii（以鸟类为宿主）的遗传多样性比B大得多。afzelii（由小型哺乳动物宿主），正如预测的那样，因为鸟类的种类比小型哺乳动物多，而且鸟类可以从欧洲大陆进口菌株。较高比例的样品含有B。garinii和B. valaisiana在西部，而B. afzelii和B.与针叶林地相比，garinii与混交/落叶林的相关性更大。这可能与不同地区和生境中传播宿主的丰富程度有关。这些关于疏螺旋体基因种内和之间遗传异质性的数据是了解病原体传播的第一步，可以帮助解释患者症状的分布，这可能有助于当地诊断。了解病原体的环境关联对于减轻疾病风险和土地管理的合理政策制定至关重要。
Lyme borreliosis is an emerging infectious human disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex of bacteria with reported cases increasing in many areas of Europe and North America. To understand the drivers of disease risk and the distribution of symptoms, which may improve mitigation and diagnostics, here we characterize the genetics, distribution, and environmental associations of B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies across Scotland. In Scotland, reported Lyme borreliosis cases have increased almost 10-fold since 2000 but the distribution of B. burgdorferi s.l. is so far unstudied. Using a large survey of over 2200 Ixodes ricinus tick samples collected from birds, mammals, and vegetation across 25 sites we identified four genospecies: Borrelia afzelii (48%), Borrelia garinii (36%), Borrelia valaisiana (8%), and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (7%), and one mixed genospecies infection. Surprisingly, 90% of the sequence types were novel and, importantly, up to 14% of samples were mixed intra-genospecies co-infections, suggesting tick co-feeding, feeding on multiple hosts, or multiple infections in hosts. B. garinii (hosted by birds) was considerably more genetically diverse than B. afzelii (hosted by small mammals), as predicted since there are more species of birds than small mammals and birds can import strains from mainland Europe. Higher proportions of samples contained B. garinii and B. valaisiana in the west, while B. afzelii and B. garinii were significantly more associated with mixed/deciduous than with coniferous woodlands. This may relate to the abundance of transmission hosts in different regions and habitats. These data on the genetic heterogeneity within and between Borrelia genospecies are a first step to understand pathogen spread and could help explain the distribution of patient symptoms, which may aid local diagnosis. Understanding the environmental associations of the pathogens is critical for rational policy making for disease risk mitigation and land management.