Occurrence of Phthalate Metabolites in Human Urine from Several Asian Countries
Occurrence of Phthalate Metabolites in Human Urine from Several Asian Countries
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DOI：
10.1021/es103879m
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发表时间：
2011-04-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Kannan, Kurunthachalam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Guo, Ying;Alomirah, Husam;Kannan, Kurunthachalam
在中国、印度、日本、韩国、科威特、马来西亚和越南等7个亚洲国家采集的人类尿液样本中发现了14种邻苯二甲酸盐代谢物。在所有样本中都发现了邻苯二甲酸盐代谢物，这表明在这些亚洲国家，人类广泛接触邻苯二甲酸盐。邻苯二甲酸盐代谢物浓度最高的国家为mL，分别为中国（234 ng/mL）、越南（133 ng/mL）、日本（120 ng/mL，中位数为1050 ng/mL），其次为印度（389 ng/mL）、中国（234 ng/mL）、越南（133 ng/mL）、日本（120 ng/mL）、韩国（117 ng/mL）和马来西亚（94.9 ng/mL）。分别是肌酐。邻苯二甲酸一甲酯（mMP），韩国和马来西亚分别为692,506,289,119,103,104和169，韩国（117 ng/mL）和马来西亚（94.9 ng/mL）。在科威特、印度、中国、越南和日本的尿样中，邻苯二甲酸一乙酯（mEP）、邻苯二甲酸一（2-异丁酯）（miBP）、邻苯二甲酸一正丁酯（mEP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的代谢物是主要化合物，占7个国家尿样总浓度的95%。从七个国家收集的样本中，尿邻苯二甲酸盐代谢物浓度的概况各不相同。来自科威特的尿样含有最高浓度的mEP（中位数：391 ng/mL）、mBP （94.1 ng/mL）和DEHP代谢物（202 ng/mL），而来自中国和日本的尿样含有最高浓度的miBP （50.8 ng/mL）和niMP （17.5 ng/mL）。mEP是印度和科威特尿液样本中的主要代谢物（占总数的49%），mBP和miBP是中国样本中的主要代谢物（52%），DEHP是韩国（46%）和越南（52%）样本中的主要代谢物。根据来自7个亚洲国家样本的尿中mEP、mBP、miBP和DEHP代谢物的浓度，我们估计了邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和DEHP的每日摄入量。结果表明，这七个亚洲国家的人们接触DEP、DBP和DEHP的水平远低于美国环境保护署（EPA）建议的不安全参考剂量（RfD）。然而，科威特对DEHP的估计暴露剂量高于环境保护署建议的RID。
The occurrence of 14 phthalate metabolites was found in human urine samples collected from seven Asian countries: China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Phthalate metabolites were found in all samples, indicating widespread exposure of humans to phthalates in these Asian countries. The highest total (the sum of 14 phthalates) phthalate metabolite concentrations were found mL), China (234 ng/mL), Vietnam (133 ng/mL), Japan (120 in samples collected from Kuwait (median: 1050 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (389 ng/mL), China (234 ng/mL), Vietnam (133 ng/mL), Japan (120 ng/mL), Korea (117 ng/mL), and Malaysia (94.9 ng/mL). The creatinine, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (mMP), Korea, and Malaysia were 692, 506, 289, 119, 103, 104, and 169 creatinine-adjusted median concentrations of total phthalates ng/mL), Korea (117 ng/mL), and Malaysia (94.9 ng/mL). The for urine samples from Kuwait, India, China, Vietnam, Japan, monoethyl phthalate (mEP), mono (2-isobutyl phthalate) (miBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mEP), and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant compounds, collectively accounting for > 95% of the total concentrations in the samples from the seven countries. The profiles of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations varied among the samples collected from the seven countries. Urine samples from Kuwait contained the highest concentrations of mEP (median: 391 ng/mL), mBP (94.1 ng/mL), and the metabolites of DEHP (202 ng/mL), whereas samples from China and Japan contained the highest concentrations of miBP (50.8 ng/mL) and niMP (17.5 ng/mL), respectively. mEP was the predominant metabolite in urine samples from India and Kuwait (accounting for 49% of the total), mBP and miBP were the predominant compounds in samples from China (52%), and DEHP metabolites were the predominant compounds in samples from Korea (46%) and Vietnam (52%). Based on the urinary concentrations of mEP, mBP, miBP, and DEHP metabolites of the samples from the seven Asian countries, we estimated daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP. The results indicated that people in the seven Asian countries are exposed to DEP, DBP, and DEHP at levels well below the reference doses (RfD) suggested as unsafe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The estimated exposure doses to DEHP in Kuwait, however, were above the RID recommended by the EPA.