The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies
The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.05.005
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
McGregor, IS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Apfelbach, R;Blanchard, CD;McGregor, IS
wPrey物种表现出特定的适应性，允许识别，避免和防御捕食者。对于许多哺乳动物物种，这包括对捕食者来源的气味的敏感性。这种气味的典型来源包括捕食者的皮肤和毛皮、尿液、粪便和肛门腺分泌物。在许多哺乳动物猎物物种中观察到了对捕食者气味的回避，包括大鼠、小鼠、田鼠、鹿、兔子、地鼠、刺猬、负鼠和绵羊。现场和实验室研究表明，捕食者气味具有独特的行为效应，包括（1）抑制活动，（2）抑制非防御行为，如觅食，进食和梳理，（3）转移到栖息地或安全的地方，这些气味不存在。田间捕食者气味的驱避作用有时可能在保护作物和自然资源方面有实际用途，尽管并非所有的尝试都取得了成功。一些研究未能获得捕食者气味的驱避效果可能与以下因素有关：（1）捕食者气味与所用猎物物种之间的不匹配，（2）品系和个体对捕食者气味的敏感性差异，以及（3）使用低效力的捕食者气味。在这方面，少数最近的研究表明，皮肤和毛皮来源的捕食者气味可能有一个更深刻的持久的影响猎物物种比那些来自尿液或粪便。捕食者的气味可以对内分泌系统产生强大的影响，包括抑制睾丸激素和增加应激激素的水平，如皮质酮和ACTH。捕食者气味对生殖行为的抑制作用已被证明，这些在雌性啮齿动物物种中特别普遍。怀孕的雌性啮齿动物暴露于捕食者的气味可能会生下较小的幼崽，而在生命早期暴露于捕食者的气味会阻碍正常发育。最近的研究开始揭示捕食者气味激活的神经回路，从而提出了关于这种激活如何导致对繁殖，觅食和进食的可观察影响的假设。(c)2005爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
wPrey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources of such odors include predator skin and fur, urine, feces and anal gland secretions. Avoidance of predator odors has been observed in many mammalian prey species including rats, mice, voles, deer, rabbits, gophers, hedgehogs, possums and sheep. Field and laboratory studies show that predator odors have distinctive behavioral effects which include (1) inhibition of activity, (2) suppression of non-defensive behaviors such as foraging, feeding and grooming, and (3) shifts to habitats or secure locations where such odors are not present. The repellent effect of predator odors in the field may sometimes be of practical use in the protection of crops and natural resources, although not all attempts at this have been successful. The failure of some studies to obtain repellent effects with predator odors may relate to (1) mismatches between the predator odors and prey species employed, (2) strain and individual differences in sensitivity to predator odors, and (3) the use of predator odors that have low efficacy. In this regard, a small number of recent studies have suggested that skin and fur-derived predator odors may have a more profound lasting effect on prey species than those derived from urine or feces. Predator odors can have powerful effects on the endocrine system including a suppression of testosterone and increased levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone and ACTH. Inhibitory effects of predator odors on reproductive behavior have been demonstrated, and these are particularly prevalent in female rodent species. Pregnant female rodents exposed to predator odors may give birth to smaller litters while exposure to predator odors during early life can hinder normal development. Recent research is starting to uncover the neural circuitry activated by predator odors, leading to hypotheses about how such activation leads to observable effects on reproduction, foraging and feeding. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.