Conditioning and residual emotionality effects of predator stimuli: some reflections on stress and emotion
Conditioning and residual emotionality effects of predator stimuli: some reflections on stress and emotion
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DOI：
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.012
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发表时间：
2003-12-01
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Blanchard, RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blanchard, DC;Griebel, G;Blanchard, RJ
在实验室测试中使用与捕食者相关的气味刺激来研究情绪反应的优势取决于这些刺激是否确实引起相对完整的情绪模式。这一点已经在猫毛/皮肤气味刺激中得到证实，猫毛/皮肤气味刺激在大鼠中引起一系列防御行为，这些行为可能会被抗焦虑药物减少，在高架十字迷宫中产生残留的焦虑样行为，并支持对它们所遇到的环境的快速厌恶性条件反射。虽然合成的狐狸粪便气味，三甲基噻唑啉（TMT），electiveavoidance类似于猫毛皮/皮肤气味的反应，这种回避不响应抗焦虑药物。此外，TMT在高架十字迷宫中不会产生残留的焦虑样行为，也不支持条件反射，因为自然猫粪便也会引起回避，但不能支持条件反射，因此可能与捕食者相关的气味作为有效的无条件刺激（US）的能力与其预测状态有关，参考捕食者的实际存在。回避本身可能反映了刺激是令人厌恶的，但不一定能够引起情绪反应。这一观点与小鼠防御测试组合（MDTB）中的发现一致，该组合测量了对捕食者暴露的广泛防御反应。上下文防御措施，可能反映条件或残留，但无条件的情绪反应，几乎从来没有减少药物的影响，除非这些也减少了风险评估或防御威胁/攻击措施。然而，在不改变逃避/回避措施的情况下，情境防御的减少更为普遍，这些发现表明，逃避/回避，虽然它显然可能作为一个完整的防御和情绪行为模式的一个组成部分，也是从其他一些分离。当TMT是主要的或可能是唯一一致的防御行为时，这可能反映了一种令人厌恶或有害的刺激，但几乎没有能力预测威胁或危险的存在。这种刺激不能支持快速厌恶条件反射，这表明有必要重新分析有效的厌恶美国所需的特征。(C)2003年爱思唯尔公司All rights reserved.
The advantages of using predator-related odor stimuli to study emotional responses in laboratory tests depend on whether such stimuli do elicit a relatively complete pattern of emotionality. This has been confirmed for cat fur/skin odor stimuli, which elicit a range of defensive behaviors in rats that may be reduced by anxiolytic drugs, produce residual anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and support rapid aversive conditioning to the context in which they were encountered. Although the synthetic fox fecal odor, trimethylthiazoline (TMT), elicits avoidance similar to that seen in response to cat fur/skin odor, this avoidance does not respond to anxiolytic drugs. In addition, TMT does not produce residual anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze, nor does it support conditioning.As natural cat feces also elicit avoidance but fail to support conditioning, it is possible that the ability of a predator-related odor to serve as an effective unconditioned stimulus (US) relates to its predictive status with reference to the actual presence of the predator. Avoidance per se may reflect that a stimulus is aversive but not necessarily capable of eliciting an emotional response. This view is consonant with findings in a Mouse Defense Test Battery (MDTB) measuring a wide range of defensive responses to predator exposure. A contextual defense measure that may reflect either conditioned or residual but unconditioned emotional responses was almost never reduced by drug effects unless these also reduced risk assessment or defensive threat/attack measures. However, reductions in contextual defense without changes in flight/ avoidance measures were much more common.These findings suggest that flight/avoidance, although it obviously may occur as one component of a full pattern of defensive and emotional behaviors, is also somewhat separable from the others. When-as appears to be the case with TMT - it is the major or perhaps only consistent defensive behavior elicited, this may reflect a stimulus that is aversive or noxious but with little ability to predict the presence of threat or danger. That such stimuli fail to support rapid aversive conditioning suggests the need for a reanalysis of the characteristics required for an effective aversive US. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.