A scientific note on new insights in the pollination of guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis)
A scientific note on new insights in the pollination of guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis)
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DOI：
10.1007/s13592-014-0304-3
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发表时间：
2015-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Gomes, Flavia Batista
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Krug, Cristiane;Bastos Garcia, Marcos Vinicius;Gomes, Flavia Batista
瓜拉那（Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis）Ducke， Sapindaceae科)是亚马逊地区重要的传统作物，具有重要的经济和社会意义。它是一种巴西本土植物，由大型和小规模生产者种植（Embrapa 2005）。它的果实是开裂的胶囊，含有一到三个深棕色的种子，咖啡因含量为2.3%至5%。种子需要经过加工才能得到粉末、糖浆或提取物（Angelo et al. 2008），这些粉末、糖浆或提取物在全球范围内用于食品、饮料和制药产品。瓜拉那是一种雌雄同株植物，在同一株植物上，雄花和雌花在不同的时间开放（二雄制）（见补充材料ESM1）。自20世纪70年代以来，对瓜拉那植物的传粉者和花生物学进行了几项研究（Schultz and Valois 1974; Gondim 1978; Carranza et al. 1981; Erickson et al. 1984; Escobar et al. 1984; Ferreira 2003）。山梨花的花期每年都不同，似乎与降雨模式有关（Erickson et al. 1984; Escobar et al. 1984）。一般来说，亚马逊地区的花期从7月下旬开始，到雨量较少的11月结束。在Schultz和Valois（1974年）、Gondim（1978年）、Escobar等人（1984年）和Ferreira（2003年）之前的研究中，对花访客的观察在凌晨2点（开花开始时）和早上6点之间存在空白。根据这些作者的说法，根据对花朵的观察，最有效的传粉者物种是无刺蜂属。本初步研究的目的是为了回答两个基本的传粉生态学问题，即：(1)是否有夜间/黄昏的访花者？如果有，(2)这些访客/传粉者是谁？为了评估花从开花开始（凌晨2点开始）开始的访花情况，在上午2点至9点进行了8天的调查，共计64小时。所有普查/调查均在所有月相期间的晴朗夜晚进行，并在非连续的日子进行。在马瑙斯县（2011年8月21日和29日）和莫萨梅斯县（2011年10月28日和29日）的瓜拉那试验田和商业田进行了初步调查，收集和鉴定夜间和黄昏瓜拉那种。在玛瑙斯（2012年9月4日、12日、19日和26日）收集了额外的样本，以量化（普查）夜间、黄昏和白天的访客。在研究期间，日出发生在早上5:37到6:07。调查每30分钟进行一次，每次持续10分钟。在每次调查中，研究人员沿着瓜拉那植物的行缓慢行走，在1公顷的区域内，计算每一种蜜蜂（夜间、黄昏和白天）在花上的数量，该区域被原生植被包围。由于易于识别，蜜蜂类型仅分为夜行蜜蜂（Megalopta spp.）、黄昏蜜蜂（Ptiloglossa sp.）和昼行蜜蜂（所有其他蜜蜂）。采用昆虫网取样。对访花者进行观察，采集昆虫/蜜蜂凭证标本（授权号32357-1 MMA/ICMBio）
Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke, Sapindaceae family) is an important and traditional crop of significant economic and social importance in the Amazon region. It is a Brazilian native plant, cultivated by large-and small-scale producers (Embrapa 2005). Its fruits are dehiscent capsules that contain one or three dark brown seeds, with 2.3 to 5% caffeine. The seeds need to be processed to obtain the powder, syrup, or extract (Angelo et al. 2008), which is used in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical products worldwide. The guarana plant is a monoecious species, with male and female flowers opening at different times (dichogamy) on the same plant (see Supplementary Material ESM1). Several studies have been conducted since the 1970s on the pollinators and floral biology of the guarana plant (Schultz and Valois 1974; Gondim 1978; Carranza et al. 1981; Erickson et al. 1984; Escobar et al. 1984; Ferreira 2003). The flowering period of P. cupana var. sorbilis varies yearly and appears to be related to rainfall patterns (Erickson et al. 1984; Escobar et al. 1984). Generally, the flowering period in the Amazon region begins in late July and ends in November when there is less rainfall. There is a gap in observations on floral visitors between 2 am (at the beginning of anthesis) and 6 am, the time when observations began in previous studies by Schultz and Valois (1974), Gondim (1978), Escobar et al.(1984), and Ferreira (2003). According to these authors, the most effective pollinator species, based on flower observations, are the stingless bees of the genus Melipona. This preliminary study aims to answer two fundamental questions regarding the pollination ecology of P. cupana var. sorbilis as follows:(1) are there nocturnal/crepuscular flower visitors? and, if there are,(2) who are these visitors/pollinators? To evaluate the occurrence of floral visitors from the beginning of anthesis, which begins at 2 am, surveys were conducted between 2 and 9 am for 8 days, totaling 64 h of sampling. All the censuses/surveys were conducted on clear nights during all moon phases, on nonconsecutive days. Preliminary surveys to collect and identify nocturnal and crepuscular species were made in experimental and commercial fields of flowering guarana in the counties of Manaus (21 and 29/08/2011) and Maués (28 and 29/10/2011), respectively. Additional samples, to quantify (census) the nocturnal, crepuscular, and diurnal visitors, were collected in Manaus (04, 12, 19, and 26/09/2012). Sunrise occurred from 5: 37 to 6: 07 am during the study.Surveys were made every 30 min and each lasted 10 min. During each survey, the researcher walked slowly along the rows of guarana plants, counting the number of each type of bee (nocturnal, crepuscular, and diurnal) on the flowers in an area of 1 ha, which was surrounded by native vegetation. Due to easy recognition, the bee types were only counted as nocturnal (Megalopta spp.), crepuscular (Ptiloglossa sp.), or diurnal (all the other bees). Sampling was done using entomological nets. The flower visitors were observed and voucher specimens of the insects/bees were collected (authorization number 32357-1 MMA/ICMBio) and