Quantum PUF for Security and Trust in Quantum Computing
Quantum PUF for Security and Trust in Quantum Computing
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量子计算中用于安全和信任的量子PUF
DOI：
10.1109/jetcas.2021.3077024
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发表时间：
2021-04
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Koustubh Phalak;Abdullah Ash Saki;M. Alam;R. Topaloglu;Swaroop Ghosh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Koustubh Phalak;Abdullah Ash Saki;M. Alam;R. Topaloglu;Swaroop Ghosh
量子计算是解决计算上难以解决的问题的一个有前途的范例。IBM、Rigetti和D-Wave等公司提供使用基于云的平台的量子计算机，该平台具有几个有趣的特征，即：（i）具有各种数量的量子位和耦合映射的量子硬件存在于云端，提供不同的计算能力;（ii）套件中存在具有相同耦合映射的多个硬件;（iii）具有更多数量的量子位的较大硬件的耦合映射可以拟合许多较小硬件的耦合映射;（iv）每个硬件的质量是不同的;（v）用户不能验证从量子硬件获得的结果的起源。换句话说，用户依赖云提供商的调度器来分配所请求的硬件;（vi）云端的量子程序队列通常很长，并且最大化吞吐量，这是降低成本并帮助科学界探索的关键。上述因素激发了一种新的威胁模型，具有以下可能性：（a）未来，来自第三方的不太值得信赖的量子计算机可以分配质量较差的硬件，以节省成本或满足其虚假宣传的量子位或量子硬件规格;（B）工作负载调度算法可能存在错误或恶意代码段，这些代码段将尝试以分配到较差保真度为代价来最大化吞吐量硬件.这种错误对于值得信赖的提供商来说是可能的;（c）受信任的云供应商中的流氓员工可能会试图通过篡改调度算法或重新路由程序来降低用户计算保真度来破坏供应商的声誉;（d）流氓员工可以通过将程序重定向到他们拥有完全控制权的第三方量子硬件来窃取信息。如果分配的硬件质量较差，用户将遭受质量差的结果或较长的收敛时间。我们提出了两种口味的量子物理不可克隆功能（QuPUF）来解决这个问题-一个基于叠加，另一个基于退相干。我们在真实的量子硬件上的实验表明，量子比特质量的时间变化会降低所提出的QuPUF的质量。我们为QuPUF添加参数旋转以获得稳定性。在真实的IBM量子硬件上的实验表明，与理想情况下的50%和0%相比，所提出的QuPUF可以实现55%的管芯间汉明距离（HD）和低至4%的HD内。所提出的QuPUF也可以用作任何其他应用的独立解决方案。
Quantum computing is a promising paradigm to solve computationally intractable problems. Various companies such as, IBM, Rigetti and D-Wave offer quantum computers using a cloud-based platform that possess several interesting features namely, (i) quantum hardware with various number of qubits and coupling maps exist at the cloud end that offer different computing capabilities; (ii) multiple hardware with identical coupling maps exist in the suite; (iii) coupling map of larger hardware with more number of qubits can fit the coupling map of many smaller hardware; (iv) the quality of each of the hardware is distinct; (v) user cannot validate the origination of the result obtained from a quantum hardware. In other words, the user relies on the scheduler of the cloud provider to allocate the requested hardware; (vi) the queue of quantum programs at the cloud end is typically long and maximizing the throughput, which is the key to reducing costs and helping the scientific community in their explorations. The above factors motivate a new threat model with following possibilities: (a) in future, less-trustworthy quantum computers from 3rd parties can allocate poor quality hardware to save on cost or towards satisfying their falsely-advertised qubit or quantum hardware specifications; (b) the workload scheduling algorithm could have a bug or malicious code segment which will try to maximize throughput at the cost of allocation to poor fidelity hardware. Such bugs are possible for trustworthy providers; (c) a rogue employee in trusted cloud vendor could try to sabotage the vendor’s reputation by degrading the user compute fidelity just by tampering with the scheduling algorithm or rerouting the program; (d) a rogue employee can steal information by redirecting the programs to a 3rd party quantum hardware where they have full control. If the allocated hardware is inferior in quality, the user will suffer from poor quality result or longer convergence time. We propose two flavors of a Quantum Physically Unclonable Function (QuPUF) to address this issue- one based on superposition and another based on decoherence. Our experiments on real quantum hardware reveal that temporal variations in qubit quality can degrade the quality of the proposed QuPUF. We add a parametric rotation to the QuPUF for stability. Experiments on real IBM quantum hardware show that the proposed QuPUF can achieve inter-die Hamming Distance (HD) of 55% and intra-HD as low as 4%, as compared to ideal cases of 50% and 0% respectively. The proposed QuPUFs can also be used as a standalone solution for any other application.