Sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae): can pregnancy and pup carrying be responsible for differences in wing shape?
Sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae): can pregnancy and pup carrying be responsible for differences in wing shape?
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斯托尼拉百合（Chiroptera，phyllostomidae）中的性二态性：怀孕和幼犬是否可以负责机翼形状差异？
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0049734
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
de Oliveira HF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Camargo NF;de Oliveira HF
竞争是解释动物第二性二态性最常被引用的机制之一。尽管如此，有人提出，蝙蝠翅膀的性别二态性也是雌性在生殖期间携带胎儿或幼崽所造成的额外重量的补偿压力的结果。本研究的主要目的是验证百合翅中性别二态性的存在。我们采用几何形态测量技术，利用解剖标志叠加来获得翅膀的尺寸（质心尺寸）和形状变量，并通过线性判别分析（LDA）减少这些变量。我们还采用经典形态测量法，使用机翼长度测量来比较这两种形态测量方法之间的效率，并使用机翼面积测量进行比较。 LDA 显示雄性和雌性翅膀形状之间存在显着差异，正确分类率为 91%（逐步分类）和 80%（留一交叉验证）。然而，获得的大小变量对这种分类没有贡献。我们观察到雌性翅膀的面积更大，但我们发现翅膀长度测量没有差异，并且翅膀长度、形状和面积测量没有异速生长效应。有趣的是，我们的研究提供了经典形态测量学失败的形态差异的证据。 LDA 和面积测量分析表明，雌性在翅膀的不同部分具有不同的面积分布，与雄性相比，指趾和斜趾更宽，翼尖更呈三角形。两性之间没有观察到身体长度或相对翅膀长度的差异，但怀孕的雌性比未怀孕的雌性和雄性体重更大。我们的研究结果表明，百合花翅膀形状的两性异形可能与雌性在繁殖期飞行效率的提高有关。它减少了机翼特定部分的机翼载荷，并降低了能量成本，以保持更快和机动的飞行。
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism in animals. Nonetheless, it has been proposed that sexual dimorphism in bat wings is also a result of adaptive pressures to compensate additional weight caused by fetus or pup carrying during the reproductive period of females. The main objective of this study is to verify the existence of sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium wings. We employed geometric morphometrics techniques using anatomical landmarks superimposition to obtain size (Centroid Size) and shape variables of wings, which were reduced by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also employed classical morphometrics using wing length measurements to compare efficiency between these two morphometric approaches and make comparisons using wing area measurements. LDA indicated significant differences between wing shapes of males and females, with 91% (stepwise classification) and 80% (leave-one-out cross validation) of correct classification. However, the size variable obtained did not contribute to such classifications. We have observed larger areas in female wings, but we found no differences in wing length measurements and no allometric effects in wing length, shape and area measurements. Interestingly, our study has provided evidences of morphological differences where classical morphometrics have failed. LDA and area measurements analyses revealed that females have a different area distribution in distinct portions of the wing, with wider dactylopatagia and plagiopatagia, and wingtips more triangular than males. No differences in body length or relative wing length were observed between the sexes, but pregnant females have more body weight than non-pregnant females and males. Our findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of S. lilium is probably related to the increase in flight efficiency of females during reproductive period. It decreases wing loading in specific portions of the wing and reduces energy cost to maintain a faster and maneuverable flight.
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影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Hayssen, V;Kunz, TH
通讯作者：
Kunz, TH
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Herrera, LG;Hobson, KA;Méndez, G
通讯作者：
Méndez, G
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
MIRANDA, AC;MIRANDA, HS;DIAS, BFD
通讯作者：
DIAS, BFD
影响因子：
2
作者：
HUGHES, P;RAYNER, JMV
通讯作者：
RAYNER, JMV
DOI：
10.1139/z95-011
发表时间：
1995-01-01
期刊：
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE
影响因子：
--
作者：
KALCOUNIS, MC;BRIGHAM, RM
通讯作者：
BRIGHAM, RM