Anticipatory eye fixations reveal tool knowledge for tool interaction
Anticipatory eye fixations reveal tool knowledge for tool interaction
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DOI：
10.1007/s00221-016-4646-0
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Butz, Martin V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Belardinelli, Anna;Barabas, Marissa;Butz, Martin V.
以行动为导向的眼神跟踪研究表明，眼神的注视揭示了当前的行为意图。眼睛通常盯着工具或物体的那些位置，或者场景中需要避开障碍物才能成功到达或运输工具或物体的那些位置。在这里，我们问眼睛注视在多大程度上也可以揭示积极的认知推理过程，这一过程有望将自下而上的视觉信息与内部知识整合起来，以计划与任务相关的合适的对象交互。根据现有的文献，我们预计与任务相关的知识将包括感觉运动、语义和机械方面。为了调查这种内部知识在计划物体互动时是否以及以何种方式影响眼睛注视行为，我们展示了熟悉和不熟悉的工具的图片，并指导参与者表演各自工具的哑剧“抬”或“使用”。当面对不熟悉的工具时，与熟悉的工具相比，参与者对工具的效应器部分的注视更近、更长。与“举重”试验相比，这种差异在“使用”试验中尤为明显。我们认为，这种差异表明，大脑主动提取关于未知工具的机械信息，以推断其正确使用。此外，对试验的连续注视表明，一个动态的、面向任务的、主动的认知过程展开，该过程将可用的工具知识与视觉收集的信息相结合，以计划和确定当前预期的工具交互。
Action-oriented eye-tracking studies have shown that eye fixations reveal much about current behavioral intentions. The eyes typically fixate those positions of a tool or an object where the fingers will be placed next, or those positions in a scene, where obstacles need to be avoided to successfully reach or transport a tool or object. Here, we asked to what extent eye fixations can also reveal active cognitive inference processes, which are expected to integrate bottom-up visual information with internal knowledge for planning suitable object interactions task-dependently. In accordance to the available literature, we expected that task-relevant knowledge will include sensorimotor, semantic, and mechanical aspects. To investigate if and in which way this internal knowledge influences eye fixation behavior while planning an object interaction, we presented pictures of familiar and unfamiliar tools and instructed participants to either pantomime 'lifting' or 'using' the respective tool. When confronted with unfamiliar tools, participants fixated the tool's effector part closer and longer in comparison with familiar tools. This difference was particularly prominent during 'using' trials when compared with 'lifting' trials. We suggest that this difference indicates that the brain actively extracts mechanical information about the unknown tool in order to infer its appropriate usage. Moreover, the successive fixations over a trial indicate that a dynamic, task-oriented, active cognitive process unfolds, which integrates available tool knowledge with visually gathered information to plan and determine the currently intended tool interaction.