Geological drilling in McMurdo Dry Valleys and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Historical development
Geological drilling in McMurdo Dry Valleys and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Historical development
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DOI：
10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.06.007
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发表时间：
2017-09
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
P. Talalay;A. Pyne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Talalay;A. Pyne
从地质学上讲，南极洲是地球上最少被探索的地方。厚厚的冰盖覆盖了98%的大陆，环境恶劣，人员和设备的移动困难且昂贵。然而，近几十年来，麦克默多海峡地区吸引了大量的地质钻探，因为它对更好地了解过去冰盖的行为至关重要，包括东南极冰盖和西南极冰盖的演变。钻探始于1973年的干谷钻探项目（DVDP），共钻探了15个钻孔，深度从4米到381米不等。最后一个洞，DVDP-15，是在1975年从当地快速海冰覆盖麦克默多声音钻。从那时起，已经对8个海上站点（MSSTS、CIROS-2、CIROS-1、CRP-1、CRP-2/2A、CRP-3、AND-1B和AND-2A）进行了取芯，在操作支持和钻井程序方面积累了大量经验。穿透深度从64.6米（DVDP-15，1975年）增加到海底以下1 284.9米（AND-1B，2006年）。本文综述了麦克默多干谷和麦克默多峡湾的陆上和海上地质钻探，重点介绍了钻探作业的特殊方面、钻探问题和可能的解决方案。本文还简要介绍了具有挑战性的Coulman High项目，该项目建议使用快速移动的罗斯冰架作为钻井平台。最后，对未来的规划者提出了以下建议：（1）南极恶劣环境下的操作和后勤问题;（2）永久冻土中的钻井复杂性;（3）钻头设计;（4）可能的陆地、海冰和冰架平台;（5）海立管结构;（6）钻井液成分。
Geologically, Antarctica is the least explored place on earth. A thick ice sheet covers 98% of the continent, the environment is harsh, and the movement of people and equipment is difficult and costly. Yet in recent decades the McMurdo Sound region has attracted intensive geological drilling because it is crucial for better understanding of past ice sheet behavior, including the evolution of both the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets. Drilling started with the Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) in 1973, resulting in 15 boreholes ranging in depth from 4 to 381 m. The last hole, DVDP-15, was drilled in 1975 from the local fast sea-ice covering McMurdo Sound. Since then, eight offshore sites (MSSTS, CIROS-2, CIROS-1, CRP-1, CRP-2/2A, CRP-3, AND-1B, AND-2A) have been cored, with much experience gained in both operational support and drilling procedures. Penetration depth has increased from 64.6 m (DVDP-15, 1975) to 1284.9 m (AND-1B, 2006) below the seafloor. This paper reviews both onshore and offshore geological drilling in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and McMurdo Sound, focusing on special aspects of drilling operations, drilling problems, and possible solutions. The paper also includes the brief introduction of the challenging Coulman High Project, which proposes to use the fast-moving Ross Ice Shelf as a drilling platform. Finally, recommendations are given for future planners regarding (1) operating and logistical problems in Antarctic harsh environment; (2) drilling complications in permafrost; (3) drill bit design; (4) possible land, sea ice and ice shelf platforms; (5) sea riser structure, and (6) drilling fluid composition.