Rural Nonfarm Employment, Income, and Inequality: Evidence from Bhutan
Rural Nonfarm Employment, Income, and Inequality: Evidence from Bhutan
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农村非农就业、收入和不平等：来自不丹的证据
DOI：
10.1162/adev_a_00052
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
N. Chhetri
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Rahut;P. Jena;Akhter Ali;B. Behera;N. Chhetri
利用2012年不丹生活水平调查，本文发现，农村非农活动占不丹农村家庭收入的60.7%，这一贡献随着收入和教育水平的提高而增加。穷人和受教育程度较低的人较少参与非农业部门。当他们这样做的时候，他们是在小的非农业活动中的自营职业者，这些活动需要很少的投资和很少或根本不需要技能。考虑到内生性和样本选择问题，我们估计了参与非农活动和非农收入的决定因素。我们发现，一个家庭的教育和劳动力供应发挥了重要作用，在获得更多的报酬非农就业。有趣的是，我们发现妇女在非农业活动中的自营职业中发挥着重要作用。分解表明，非农收入有一个disequalizing效果和农业收入有一个均衡的效果，这表明需要增加贫困家庭的捐赠，使他们能够获得利润丰厚的农村非农部门。进一步的分解显示，小型非农活动中的自营职业减少了不平等。
Using the 2012 Bhutan Living Standard Survey, this paper finds that rural nonfarm activities comprise 60.7% of rural household income in Bhutan and this contribution increases with higher income and education levels. The poor and less educated participate less in the nonfarm sector. When they do, they are self-employed in petty nonfarm activities, which require little investment and little or no skills. Accounting for endogeneity and sample selection issues, we estimate the determinants of participation in nonfarm activities and nonfarm incomes. We find that a household's education and labor supply play an important role in accessing more remunerative nonfarm employment. Interestingly, we find that women play an important role in self-employment in nonfarm activities. Decomposition shows that nonfarm income has a disequalizing effect and farm income has an equalizing effect, indicating the need to increase the endowment of poor households to enable them to access the lucrative rural nonfarm sector. Further decomposition reveals that self-employment in petty nonfarm activities reduces inequality.