Toward elucidating diversity of neural mechanisms underlying insect learning.
Toward elucidating diversity of neural mechanisms underlying insect learning.
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DOI：
10.1186/s40851-014-0008-6
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Nishino H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mizunami M;Hamanaka Y;Nishino H
昆虫是研究学习记忆神经机制的重要模型。我们最近对蟋蟀的研究，以及对其他昆虫物种的报道，表明不同昆虫物种之间，特别是蟋蟀和果蝇之间，学习和记忆的神经和分子机制存在一些根本差异。首先，我们认为蟋蟀的章鱼胺（OA）和多巴胺（DA）神经元在关联学习中分别传递奖励和惩罚信号。另一方面，据报道，在果蝇中，不同的DA神经元传递奖励或惩罚信号。其次，我们已经表明，在蟋蟀OA和DA神经元参与检索的食欲和厌恶的记忆，分别，而这不是在果蝇的情况。第三，环磷酸腺苷信号是果蝇短期记忆形成的关键，但不是在蟋蟀。最后，一氧化氮-环GMP信号和钙-钙调蛋白信号对蟋蟀的长期记忆（LTM）形成至关重要，但在果蝇中尚未报道此类作用。并非所有这些差异都可以归因于研究中使用的不同实验方法。因此，我们认为，有意想不到的差异，在不同的昆虫物种，特别是蟋蟀和果蝇之间的学习和记忆的基本机制。对更多昆虫物种的研究将有助于阐明与对环境的功能适应和进化历史有关的学习和记忆机制的多样性。
Insects are widely used as models to study neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Our recent studies on crickets, together with reports on other insect species, suggest that some fundamental differences exist in neural and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory among different species of insects, particularly between crickets and fruit flies. First, we suggested that in crickets octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) neurons convey reward and punishment signals, respectively, in associated learning. On the other hand, it has been reported that in fruit flies different sets of DA neurons convey reward or punishment signals. Secondly, we have suggested that in crickets OA and DA neurons participate in the retrieval of appetitive and aversive memories, respectively, while this is not the case in fruit flies. Thirdly, cyclic AMP signaling is critical for short-term memory formation in fruit flies, but not in crickets. Finally, nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling and calcium-calmodulin signaling are critical for long-term memory (LTM) formation in crickets, but such roles have not been reported in fruit flies. Not all of these differences can be ascribed to different experimental methods used in studies. We thus suggest that there are unexpected diversities in basic mechanisms of learning and memory among different insect species, especially between crickets and fruit flies. Studies on a larger number of insect species will help clarify the diversity of learning and memory mechanisms in relation to functional adaptation to the environment and evolutionary history.