Synergetics: An Introduction
Synergetics: An Introduction
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-88338-5
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发表时间：
1983-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Haken
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Haken
虽然科学正在飞速发展，但它越来越分裂成专门的学科。看来这些学科不仅有自己的语言，而且受完全不同的现象和原则支配。协同学是跨学科研究的一个新领域，令人惊讶的是，它成功地揭示了看似不同学科的基本共同特征。协同学如何进行以及迄今为止取得的成就是本文的主题。事实上，物理学、天体物理学、化学、生物学、生态学、电气和机械工程、社会学和其他学科中的某些现象之间存在着深刻的相似性。当我们采用一定程度的抽象并且将注意力集中在通常最有趣的现象上时，即当结构（在这个词的最广泛意义上）发生戏剧性的质变时，这些类比就会变得明显。为了详细说明这一点，让我更具体一些。当科学家试图解释物体的属性时，他们经常将物体分解为子系统，例如原子、分子、细胞、植物、动物、人类等。在许多情况下，科学家随后发现这些子系统以良好调节的方式合作，即使在无生命的世界中，这种合作也往往似乎是有目的的。这种合作导致宏观的空间或时间结构或明确定义的过程。此外，当确定
While science is developing at an enormous pace, it more and more splits into specialised disciplines. It appears that these disciplines do not only speak their own languages, but are governed by completely different phenomena and principles. Synergetics is a new field of interdisciplinary research which, rather amazingly, has succeeded in revealing essential common features of seemingly diverging disciplines. How synergetics proceeds and what it has achieved so far is the subject of this article. Indeed, there exist profound analogies between certain classes of phenomena in physics, astrophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology, electrical and mechanical engineering, sociology and other disciplines. These analogies become apparent when we adopt a certain level of abstraction and if we focus our attention on the-in general-most interesting phenomena, namely when dramatic qualitative changes of structures (in the widest sense of this word) occur. To elaborate on this, let me be somewhat more specific. When scientists try to explain the properties of objects, they often decompose the objects into subsystems, for example into atoms, molecules, cells, plants, animals, human beings, etc. In many cases scientists then discover that the subsystems cooperate in a well regulated manner, which often seems to be purposeful, even in the inanimate world. This cooperation leads to macroscopic spatial or temporal structures or well defined processes. Furthermore, when cer-