Volcanic Associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings
Volcanic Associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings
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DOI：
10.5382/rev.08
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Barrie;M. Hannington
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Barrie;M. Hannington
火山伴生块状硫化物矿床（VMS）主要是硫化物矿物的层状堆积，这些硫化物矿物从海底或海底以下的热液流体中沉淀出来，存在于广泛的古代和现代地质环境中（图1和2）。1、第2段）。它们出现在火山沉积地层序列中，通常与火山岩同时代并一致。作为一个类别，它们代表了世界上Cu、Zn、Pb、Au和Ag矿石的重要来源，Co、Sn、Ba、S、Se、Mn、Cd、In、Bi、Te、Ga和Ge作为共生或副产品。海底活跃的金属沉淀热液喷口的发现和研究极大地影响了对古代陆地VMS矿床的了解。在过去三十年中，对海底硫化物和相关喷口流体以及热液羽流的出色描述为陆基VMS矿床提供了现代类似物（Rona，1988年; Rona和Scott，1993年; Hannington等人，1995年）。相反，陆上矿床的地质学和矿物学使人们能够深入了解与海底热液系统有关的硫化物矿床的管道系统和硫化物矿物共生现象。这一卷利用了古代陆地VMS矿床和海底活跃的金属沉淀热液系统的互补性，与《经济地质学评论》第2卷（Berger和Bethke编辑，1985年）与浅成热液矿床和活跃的，陆上地热系统，并借鉴同样从陆基和海底VMS研究。本卷试图提供VMS系统的平衡视图，描述VMS形成过程和代表现代和古代环境中各种VMS矿床和地区的重要实例。它并不意味着是一个全面的审查;相反，它提出了一个频谱的基础上的研究，自基准文件的富兰克林等人（1981年）目前的想法。这些贡献分为两部分。在第一部分中，介绍了陆地和海底VMS矿床形成过程中最重要的地质、物理和化学过程。这些措施包括：吉布森等人（1999年）的水下环境的火山学以及火山学与VMS系统之间的关系;哈珀（1999年）的洋底和蛇绿岩环境中岩浆作用和热液循环的结构方面;佩尔菲特等人（1999年）的岩浆化学与热液喷发之间的关系，重点是加拉帕戈斯地区增厚的洋壳。（1999年），以及Barrett和MacLean（1999年）关于双峰式火山背景的更一般性研究; Alt（1999年）关于大洋地壳的热液蚀变;休士顿（1999年）关于稳定同位素系统学记录的VMS系统中的流体-岩石相互作用; Seyfried等人（1999年）关于热液流体的金属迁移能力; Hannington等人（1999年）的VMS系统中的贵金属富集关联和过程;以及巴里等人（1999年a）的VMS系统中的热和流体流动。
Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits (VMS) are predominantly stratiform accumulations of sulfide minerals that precipitate from hydrothermal fluids at or below the sea floor, in a wide range of ancient and modern geological settings (Figs. 1, 2). They occur within volcanosedimentary stratigraphic successions, and are commonly coeval and coincident with volcanic rocks. As a class, they represent a significant source of the world's Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag ores, with Co, Sn, Ba, S, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, and Ge as co- or by-products. The understanding of ancient, land-based VMS deposits has been heavily influenced by the discovery and study of active, metal-precipitating hydrothermal vents on the sea floor. During the last three decades, excellent descriptions of sea-floor sulfides and related vent fluids and hydrothermal plumes have provided modern analogs for the landbased VMS deposits (Rona, 1988; Rona and Scott, 1993; Hannington et al., 1995). Conversely, the geology and mineralogy of land-based deposits have provided insight into the plumbing systems and sulfide mineral paragenesis of sulfide deposits relevant to sea-floor hydrothermal systems. This volume capitalizes on the complementary nature of ancient, land-based VMS deposits and active, metal-precipitating hydrothermal systems on the sea floor, much as the Reviews in Economic Geology Volume 2 (Berger and Bethke, eds., 1985) did with epithermal deposits and active, subaerial geothermal systems, and draws equally from land-based and sea-floor VMS research. This volume attempts to provide a balanced view of VMS systems, with descriptions of the processes involved in VMS formation and of important examples representing a variety of VMS deposits and districts, in modern and ancient settings. It is not meant to be a comprehensive review; rather, it presents a spectrum of current ideas based on research since the benchmark paper of Franklin et al. (1981). The contributions are divided into two parts. In Part I, reviews of the most significant geological, physical, and chemical processes involved in the formation of landbased and sea-floor VMS deposits are presented. These include: the volcanology of subaqueous settings and the relationship between volcanology and VMS systems by Gibson et al. (1999); structural aspects of magmatism and hydrothermal circulation in ocean floor and ophiolitic settings by Harper (1999); the relationship between magma chemistry and hydrothermal venting, with emphasis on the thickened oceanic crust in the Galapagos area by Perfit et al.(1999), and more generally in bimodal volcanic settings by Barrett and MacLean (1999); hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust by Alt (1999); fluid-rock interactions in VMS systems as recorded by stable isotope systematics by Huston (1999); the metal transport capabilities of hydrothermal fluids by Seyfried et al. (1999); precious metal enrichment associations and processes in VMS systems by Hannington et al. (1999); and heat and fluid flow in VMS systems by Barrie et al. (1999a).